How to estimate baby weight in pregnancy?

Mumbai

Mohali

Dehradun

Rohtak

Hisar

Chandigarh

Panchkula

Jalandhar

Ludhiana

Amritsar

Haridwar

Saharanpur

Lucknow

Gwalior

Bathinda

Sonipat

Pune

Meerut

Haldwani

Patiala

Panipat

Roorkee

Varanasi

Congratulations on the growing life inside your tummy! Throughout your pregnancy, you will have numerous ultrasound to check up on your baby. These ultrasounds are a wonderful experience for parents to see their baby but also the reassurance that baby is growing and developing well. Here, we discuss how sonographers determine your baby’s weight through ultrasound.

Many parents know that ultrasounds consist of the sonographer applying gel to the mother’s belly and moving a hand held device around to have a look at the baby. (Figure 1) But let’s have a look at the technical side of ultrasounds. Ultrasound scan uses high frequency sound waves to create real time images of your baby inside your womb. These sound waves travels through soft tissues and fluids within the womb and bounces/echoes off the surface. The image of your baby is then created and shown on a screen for you to see.

During your medical ultrasounds, your sonographer or specialist will determine the baby’s weight in the womb. There are different algorithms that can be used by your specialist to estimate your baby’s weight. The most commonly used algorithms are; Biparietal Diameter (BPD), Head Circumference (HC), Abdominal Circumference (AC) and the Femur Length (FL). (Figure 2) The combination of the measurements mentioned above will be used in a formula to calculate the baby’s weight and size. But what do these measurements mean? Keep on reading!

Biparietal Diameter: This is also known as the distance between the sides of the baby’s head. Different babies that weigh the same can also have different head sizes.

Head Circumference: This algorithm measures the circumference of the baby’s head.

Abdominal Circumference: This measures the circumference of the fetal abdomen. To measure the circumference, your specialist will measure the distance between the pubic bone and the top of your belly with a measuring tape.

Femur Length: This is measured by the length of the longest bone within the body, the femur which is also known as the thigh bone.

It is important to understand that there can be errors in the estimation of the baby’s weight. According to Grove (2017), research has shown that there may be a 15% error in determining weight. However, during the first half of your pregnancy, the general estimation of the baby’s weight will be more accurate as the baby is smaller and easier to measure. Inversely, the closer you are to your due date, the unreliable the measurements will be.

According to research and studies, overall the estimated baby weight from ultrasounds tend to be greater than the birth weight. One reason for this is the retention of amniotic fluid in the womb. When your baby is born, the fluid is loss within the first few days of being in the world, hence the difference in the estimated ultrasound weight and birth weight. However, the loss of weight is nothing to be concerned about as this is normal after birth and the weight is slowly gained back each day.

During your 20-22 week ultrasound (also known as the Morphology Ultrasound), your sonographer/specialist will be able to give you an estimate of how much your baby weighs. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that you to attend this milestone scan as this checks for both your baby’s growth as well as a detailed assessment for any abnormalities. Also, this allows you to have time to bond with your little growing baby!

This is a professional opinion and is based on the latest credible research. This is for general educational purposes only, so please seek professional medical advice from your personal practitioner.

References

https://blog.svphm.org.au/ultrasound-in-pregnancy/

https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/ultrasound-scan

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245491#uses

http://brochures.mater.org.au/brochures/mater-mothers-hospital/ultrasound-scan-fetal-growth-scan

https://www.bellybelly.com.au/pregnancy/accurate-ultrasound-weight/

https://www.babymed.com/fetal-and-obstetric-ultrasound-measurements-pregnancy

https://www.babymed.com/pregnancy-ultrasound/estimating-fetal-weight-ultrasound

https://awomanshealingcenter.com/accuracy-ultrasound-birth-weights/

https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aogs.13645

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/grownewborn.html

Perinatal complications associated with low birth weight are primarily associated with fetal prematurity or intrauterine growth restriction. A common classification for underweight newborns is based on birth weight alone:

Although excessive birth weight has had varied definitions, in general, a birth weight over 4000 g is considered fetal macrosomia. Perinatal complications associated with excessive birth weight include the following:

Mean birth weight can be described as a function of gestational age. Standard fetal-growth curves are used to estimate the range of expected fetal weight for populations of women at any particular gestational age, but they are not applicable to specific individual women because of variations in fetal weight and in birth weights in neonates among different racial groups.

Perhaps the best methods for establishing the reference range of term birth weight are to examine fetal weights at the 2 extremes of the range (ie, below the 5th percentile) and to define the point at which newborns begin to substantially vary from the mean with respect to their prevalence of perinatal complications and perinatal death.

Endogenous and extrinsic factors such as the following can affect fetal birth weight:

The accuracy of different methods for predicting fetal weight depends on the gestational age and the range of birth weights under study. However, currently available methods for assessing fetal weight in utero are subject to substantial predictive errors, particularly at the 2 extremes of fetal weight (eg, < 2500 g, likely the product of premature deliveries, and >4000 g, at risk for the complications associated with fetal macrosomia). These methods include the following:

The two most commonly used methods to estimate fetal weight are ultrasound and clinical examination. Currently, ultrasound is preferred because of its ease of use, objectivity and precision.