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Blisters on the tongue can form due to hot beverages or crunchy foods. They may also be due to something more serious, such as an infection or an imbalance in your body.

The cause of tongue blisters depends on their types. Sometimes, if the tongue blister is not treated on time, it can also infect other parts of the mouth.

Canker sores

Canker sores are a common type of oral infection. They are small lesions that form under the tongue, on the gum, on the tongue, or inside the cheeks. They have a yellow or white center with a red border.

Don't confuse them with cold sores. Canker sores aren't contagious, which means they do not spread from one person to another through contact. You cannot get canker sores from someone by sharing their food or kissing them.

Another difference between canker sores and cold sores is that cold sores always form outside the mouth. Canker sores develop inside the mouth.

Initially, they are painful red bumps or spots but later become blisters. Canker sores are caused due to stress, lack of zinc, folate, and Vitamin B12, lowered immune response, and hormonal problems.

Some people get canker sores at a stressful time in their lives, such as during the exam season.

Mouth injuries, such as biting the inner side of your lip or damaging the lining of the mouth due to brushing too hard, can also cause canker sores.

Sodium lauryl sulfate is an ingredient present in many types of mouthwash and toothpaste. It has also been linked to canker sores.

If you have other symptoms along with your canker sores, such as fever, joint pain, and skin rashes, it's best to speak to a doctor right away.

Candidiasis

Oral candidiasis or thrush is a condition in which fungus grows on the lining of your mouth. The fungus that causes this condition is called Candida albicans. Although this fungus is normally present in the mouth, it can cause symptoms of thrush if its growth accelerates.

Oral thrush forms white lesions on your inner cheeks and tongue. Sometimes, it may spread to your tonsils, back of the throat, and gums. It's important to consult a doctor before this happens.

Apart from the fungus, some risk factors can increase your likelihood of getting oral candidiasis.

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What does Tzy Mobile Legends mean? – Have you ever heard the nickname ML Tzy or the name ML Tzy? Here we are going to discuss what Tzy Mobile Legends means. For those curious about the meaning of Tzy ML, read this post until the end.

Many players in the Mobile Legends game mention the word Tzy in Mobile Legend.

They even used the word Tzy Mobile Legend to make a name for themselves on their account.

Then what does Tzy Mobile Legend actually mean?

Tzy stands for a word, name, or nickname that comes from one of the pro gamers in Mobile Legends, KarlTzy.

Thanks to his popularity, KarlTzy can fascinate all players when he reads his name or nickname.

However, the meaning of Tzy Mobile Legend or the extension of Tzy does not exist.

Tzy ML means just one additional word from a professional player, namely KarlTzy.

Not only normal players, Tzy’s words are also frequently mentioned and used by professional players. This is why so far many have used the nickname Tzy ML.

Then who is Karl Tzy?

As I explained above, KarlTzy is a professional gamer who plays on a team called Bren Esports.

He also had skills that were above average for the other players.

The players watching KarlTzy’s gameplay were very surprised and shook their heads, causing many players to change their nicknames or names with the Tzy suffix.

There are even some well-known professional players in Mobile Legends who helped create names or nicknames with the Tzy ML ending, namely Vyn who came off the RRQ Hoshi team.

Thanks to Vyn, who participated in the naming with the suffix Tzy, the name Tzy ML is becoming more and more popular with all Mobile Legends players.

That is the meaning of Tzy Mobile Legend. Now you know the meaning of Tzy Mobile Legend and who is KarlTzy right?

So do you also want to participate with the name or Nick ML Tzy? Write yes in the comments.

So many articles on the importance of Tzy Mobile Legend. Hopefully useful, thanks.

A fluid is composed of atoms and molecules. Depending on the phase of the fluid (gas,liquid or supercritical), the distance between the molecules shows orders of magnitude difference, being the largest in the gas phase and shortest in the liquid phase. As the distance between the molecules or the mean free path of the flowing medium approaches to the characteristic size of the flow device, the flow cannot be treated as continuum.

In a solid, molecules form a regular lattice and oscillate around an equilibrium point. At this state, there is a strong attraction between the molecules and kinetic energy of the molecules can not overcome this force in this phase of the matter. When enough energy is given to the molecules, e.g. by heating it, the matter melts and consequently becomes a liquid. The molecules gain kinetic energy as a result of added heat and start to move around in an irregular pattern. However, the density of liquids and solids, in other words the mean molecular distances at these two phases do not differ much from each other. When the liquid vaporizes and turns into the gas phase, the density drastically drops as the molecules starts to move freely between the intermolecular collisions.

Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids at rest (fluid statics) and in motion (fluid dynamics).

A fluid is defined as a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude of the applied stress. Whereas a solid can resist an applied force by static deformation.

Liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids are accepted to be fluids. A perfect fluid offers no internal resistance to change in shape and, consequently, they take on the shape of their containers. Liquids form a free surface (that is, a surface not created by their container) whereas gases and plasmas do not, but, instead, they expand and occupy the entire volume of the container.

The importance of flow phenomena is out of question. Natural phenomena or technological applications are completely or partially involves flow phenomena. It can be met in a diverse range of length of time scales. Atmospheric flows and blood flows are two examples for this diversity. As a tool making specie, humankind learned also how to utilize flow phenomena. Hence, those, who deal with flowing matter, should be better equipped with theoretical understanding and capability to use experimental and numerical investigation tools.

Fluid mechanics have played an important role in human life. Therefore, it also attracted many curious people. Even in the ancient Greek history, systematic theoretical works have been done. The development of governing equations of fluid flow started already in the 16th century. In the 18th and 19th century, the conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy was already known in its most general form. In the 20th century, developments were in theoretical, experimental and recently numerical. In the theoretical field, mostly solutions of the governing equations for special cases were provided. Experimental methods have been developed to measure flow velocities and fluid properties. By the development of computers , the numerical treatment of fluid mechanical problems opened new perspectives in research. It is the common believe that in the 21th century, the activities would be most intensive in the development new experimental and numerical tools and application of those for developing new technologies.

Besides theoretical considerations, experiments and simulations are heavily used in research. If possible, most productive and accurate approach is the combination of all three methods. However, sometimes environmental conditions can be so harsh for any experimental technique that only theoretical or numerical methods can be used. For example, it is very hard or almost impossible to obtain the velocity or temperature distribution in the die casting mold or in the crucible used for crystal growth, because of very high temperatures.

Force applied on a matter creates stresses on it. Stress is simply force per unit area:

Hence the unit of stress is P a {\displaystyle Pa} . There can be normal and shear stresses in and on the matter.

Shear stress is proportional to the deformation rate of the matter, i.e. strain rate:

u {\displaystyle \displaystyle u} is the deformation speed. For very small deformation angles

μ {\displaystyle \displaystyle \mu } is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.

For the same τ {\displaystyle \displaystyle \tau } and fluid having higher viscosity μ {\displaystyle \displaystyle \mu } , the deformation rate, i.e. velocity gradient is smaller.

Dynamic viscosity is a thermodynamic property of the material and it depends on temperature and pressure. In general, viscosity of liquids drop by increasing temperature, whereas that of gases increases. The viscosities of liquids and gases increase with increasing pressure.

Often dynamic viscosity is normalized by the density of the fluid and this quantity is called “kinematic viscosity”:

One can judge the dominance of inertial effects to viscous effects by using a dimensionless number, namely Reynolds number:

U c {\displaystyle \displaystyle U_{c}} and l c {\displaystyle \displaystyle l_{c}} are characteristic velocity and length scales of the flow.

When one tries to deform a piece of material, some of the above properties appear depending on the amplitude and duration of the applied stress.

A transition from a more resistant (elastic) to a less resistant behavior (viscous) has a relevant characteristic time scale: the relaxation time of the material. Correspondingly, the ratio of the relaxation time of a material to the timescale of a deformation is called Deborah number :

D e = characteristic relaxation time of material time scale of deformation {\displaystyle \displaystyle \displaystyle De={\frac {\text{characteristic relaxation time of material}}{\text{time scale of deformation}}}}

Small Deborah numbers correspond to situations where the material has time to relax (and behaves in a viscous manner), while high Deborah numbers correspond to situations where the material behaves rather elastically. Water can show elastic behavior when the time scale of deformation becomes very short. For example, when one tries to jump to water from a height more than 100 meters, water feels like a solid ground at the instant of collision ( do not try). Corn starch and water mixture (suspension) is a good example with which low and high De number effects can be shown.

Fluids can be classified according to the relation between stress τ {\displaystyle \displaystyle \tau } and deformation rate d u / d y {\displaystyle \displaystyle du/dy} . The Newtonian fluids show a linear relation

Fluids which do not follow the linear law between stress an the deformation rate are called non-newtonian and they are the subject of rheology. A dilatant (shear-thickening) fluid increases resistance with increasing applied stress. Alternately, a pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) fluid decreases resistance with increasing stress. If the thinning effect is very strong, the fluid is termed plastic. The limiting case of a plastic substance is one which requires a finite yield stress before it begins to flow. The linear-flow Bingham plastic idealization is shown in the figure, but the flow behavior after yield may also be nonlinear. Examples of a yielding fluid are toothpaste and ketchup, which will not flow out of the tube until a finite stress is applied by squeezing.

Some fluids show decreasing (thixotropic) or increasing resistance (rheopectic) in time for the same deformation rate. For example, pudding is a rheopectic fluid and some paints are thixotropic.

In many technical applications with gasses, the distance travelled by a molecule before it hits to another molecule (mean free path) ( λ {\displaystyle \displaystyle \lambda } ) are much larger than the molecular diameter. For air, λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is around 5 × 10 − 8 m {\displaystyle 5\times 10^{-8}m} .

The molecules are not fixed in a lattice but move about freely relative to each other. Thus fluid density, or mass per unit volume, has no precise meaning because the number of molecules occupying a given volume continually changes. If the selected unit volume δ V {\displaystyle \displaystyle \delta V} is smaller than the cube of the mean free path between the molecules, there will be large scatter in the determination of density, since the molecules move freely relative to each other, i.e. at one instant the number of molecules in the unit volume is not constant. This effect becomes unimportant if the unit volume is large compared with, say, the cube of the molecular spacing, when the number of molecules within the volume will remain nearly constant in spite of the enormous interchange of particles across the boundaries. In other words, when δ V {\displaystyle \displaystyle \delta V} is selected such that the selected volume contains in average the number of molecules, the density converges to a level. The acceptable size of the unit volume for many liquids and gases is about 1 μ m 3 {\displaystyle \displaystyle 1\mu m^{3}} . Over this value, the medium can be accepted as continuum , such that the variations in space and time can be accepted to be smooth and differential equations can be written to describe the fluid motion. If, however, the chosen unit volume is too large, there could be a noticeable variation within the selected volume owing to the non-uniform bulk distribution of molecules caused by temperature and/or pressure variations in the flow field.

Pressure is force per unit area and is a scalar quantity.

In a fluid at rest, the tangential viscous forces are absent and the only force between adjacent surfaces is normal to the surface. In a resting fluid there is only a normal stress (pressure). In other words, force caused by the pressure on a surface is normal to that surface.

Balance in x-direction:

Balance in z-direction:

For an infinitesimal prism, effect of gravity can be neglected.

Surface tension phenomena occur at the interface of one liquid and another liquid, gas or a solid wall. The cohesive forces between molecules down into a liquid are shared with all neighboring atoms. Those on the surface have no neighboring atoms above, and exhibit stronger attractive forces upon their nearest neighbors on the surface. This enhancement of the intermolecular attractive forces at the surface is called surface tension.

If the interface is curved, a mechanical balance shows that there is a pressure difference across the interface, the pressure being higher on the concave side,

where σ [ N m ] {\displaystyle \displaystyle \sigma \left[{\frac {N}{m}}\right]} is the surface tension coefficient. Surface tension coefficient is not a property of the liquid alone, but a property of the liquid's interface with another medium.

According to the above equation, in the soap bubble or in the droplet, inner pressure is higher than outer pressure. This can also be shown by a force balance. In the droplet, the force balance in the vertical direction reads

Similarly, in the soap bubble the force balance becomes

Note that owing to the two interfaces in the soap bubble force due to surface tension is as double as that in the droplet.

The contact angle is the angle between the liquid-solid and gas-liquid interfaces. It is calculated such that angle remains in the liquid. It is dependent on the adhesion forces between the liquid molecules and the solid wall. These forces are sensitive to the actual physicochemical conditions of the solid-liquid interface.

Evaporation occurs at the liquid gas interface. When the vapor pressure of liquid is less than the liquid's saturation pressure at the given liquid temperature, the evaporation and condensation occurs at the same time on the interface.At the liquid solid interface, at a given temperature, liquids starts to boil at saturation pressure.

Instead of increasing the temperature of the liquid, one can decrease the pressure of the liquid so that it starts to boil, or so to say cavitates.

One can meet cavitation in nature and in technical application. One known example is the cavitation damage on ship propellers. An interesting natural occurrence of cavitation was observed while the snapping shrimp hunts [2].

Four basic types of line patterns are used to visualize flows:

In a steady flow streamlines, streaklines and pathlines are identical.

Laminar flows are:

In turbulent flows:

Laminar to turbulent transition occurs when the disturbances in the flow can not be damped anymore by viscous forces. This happens when the inertia of the flow is increased and/or the flow configuration (boundaries, states of the fluid(s)) causes the generation and/or amplification of very small disturbances. As Reynolds number (Re) is the ratio of the inertial forces to viscous forces, for different types of flows, over a critical Reynolds number, transition to turbulence takes place. Below a list of simple but still technically interesting flow cases and critical Reynolds numbers are listed:

where U b {\displaystyle U_{b}} , U ∞ {\displaystyle U_{\infty }} are the bulk velocity of the fluid or the velocity of fluid approaching to the plate. D p i p e {\displaystyle D_{pipe}} , D j e t {\displaystyle D_{jet}} and l {\displaystyle l} are the pipe diameter, jet diameter or the length of the plate. δ l = 1.72 ν l / U ∞ {\displaystyle \delta _{l}=1.72{\sqrt {\nu l/U_{\infty }}}} is the displacement thickness.

Ideal Gas law (Equation of State)

p = ρ R T {\displaystyle \displaystyle p=\rho RT}  : Where R is the gas constant and T is the universal temperature.

R a i r = 286 , 9 [ J k g K ] {\displaystyle R_{air}=286,9\left[{\frac {J}{kg}}K\right]}

Density and volume change:

ρ = m V {\displaystyle \displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}}

d ρ d V = − m V 2 = − m V 1 V = − ρ 1 V {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {d\rho }{dV}}=-{\frac {m}{V^{2}}}=-{\frac {m}{V}}{\frac {1}{V}}=-\rho {\frac {1}{V}}}

d ρ ρ = − d V V {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {d\rho }{\rho }}=-{\frac {dV}{V}}}

The Bulk Modulus:

E v = − d p d V V = d p d ρ ρ   [ P a ] {\displaystyle \displaystyle E_{v}=-{\frac {dp}{\frac {dV}{V}}}={\frac {dp}{\frac {d\rho }{\rho }}}\ [Pa]}

Large values of Ev means that the fluid is relatively incompressible.

Under standard atmospheric conditions:

E v = 2.15 × 10 9   P a = 21500   b a r   {\displaystyle E_{v}=2.15\times 10^{9}\ Pa=21500\ bar\ }

for water and

E v = 1.42 × 10 5   P a = 1.4   b a r   {\displaystyle E_{v}=1.42\times 10^{5}\ Pa=1.4\ bar\ }

for air. Therefore air is 15000 times more compressible than water.

Liquids can be accepted to be incompressible in many applications. Air can be compressible, especially when there are large changes of pressure in the flow.

d ρ d t = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\rho }{dt}}=0} and d ρ d x i = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\rho }{dx_{i}}}=0}

Where i = 1,2,3.

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