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An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment fund and exchange-traded product, i.e. they are traded on stock exchanges. An ETF divides ownership of itself into shares that are held by shareholders.

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In 2000, even with DVD rental as the only service, it introduced a personalized recommendation system based on the one to five star rating that its customers made of the materials they rented through its Internet site. The continuous improvement of this system —which in 2017 would be changed to a "thumbs up/down" one—, as well as the use of other data that the platform obtains from its clients known as data mining, is considered the main cause of the success of the company. ​ ​ ​

In 2007, Netflix starts its video-on-demand service in the United States, exclusively to be used through personal computers; Starting in 2008, different options were added to access the catalog by streaming: video game consoles, smart TVs, tablets, etc. On February 25, 2007, its billionth DVD entered. In 2009 its physical catalog offers 100,000 titles and its clientele exceeds 10 million subscribers.

The company began operations in the Latin American and Caribbean region in 2011. In 2012 it offers its services in some European countries, and in 2016 it offers its contents to the whole world, with the exception of the territories of North Korea, China, Iran, Iraq and Syria.

On January 16, 2014, the nomination of the documentary The Square for an Academy Award became the first ever for a Netflix original production. The most successful Spanish-language products worldwide are the series La casa de papel and Élite, both located in the world top 10 of the most watched series in the world in 2019.

At the end of the first quarter of 2020, the platform had some 183 million customers worldwide, the majority outside the United States. Although estimates made by Wall Street for that period were 7.6 million new customers , the quarantine implemented in different countries of the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the fact that the real number was more than double (15.8 million); during the first months of 2022, for the first time since 2011, the platform reports a loss of 200,000 customers and projects 2 million fewer for the second quarter of the year.

The platform would have ads on November 1st, according to executives. There is a 15th

In 1997 the company became a DVD rental company in the United States.

Throughout its history, the company has undergone various transformations until, by 2019, it is a media company that participates in audiovisual production from the conception or acquisition of the product to its dissemination, in this case through a platform for internet. The name Netflix comes from Net, an abbreviation for "internet" and flix for flicks, the colloquial English form of "movies".

Reed Hastings had to pay a $40 fine when he returned the movie a few days late after renting it from the video store chain, according to a myth created by the company.

Hastings decided to create a chain of video stores. The idea for the company came from a desire to start an e- commerce business that would eventually choose DVD as its product, according to the book.

The idea for Pure Atria came from the road to work, where the former was director of marketing and the latter was general manager.

The virtual video store was a place where customers could choose movies they wanted to watch online, and these were delivered by postal mail.

Subscribers received the first title in a postage-paid envelope when they returned their titles. The first film would be sent back to the company.

The company billed itself as the world's largest online DVD rental service.

When it introduced its streaming service in 2007, it was the first major transformation. The DVD-by-mail delivery service in the United States was not included in the international expansion plan when it began operations in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2007.

The visualization of the electronic catalog was only accessible on computers. In 2008 the company sought alliances with different companies and products to include an application in video game consoles such as Microsoft's Xbox or in various brands of Blu-ray players, so that they could also watch the series and catalog movies. The application was included in some smart televisions and other Internet- connected devices by the year 2010

To move forward with this digital platform, the company needed to offer a functional platform at all times, which would allow viewing by a large number of people at the same time, without compromising image quality. The company supports itself with Amazon computer services.

The new streaming service soon gained popularity due to the unlimited, personalized and ad-free access it offered, as well as the possibility of creating different profiles between people who shared the password of a single account, a situation that Netflix did not stop, but rather took advantage of. because it meant obtaining more data from different people who served to "feed" its algorithm and better understand the tastes of the public.

After it began producing its own content in 2011; it would launch in 2013; and after it launched its studio in 2016 it defined itself as a "global internet TV network" or a global internet television network.

The book is about the UN.

The Geography of Digital Distribution, the researcher Ramón Lobato says that the ways of thinking about and studying Netflix are very diverse, and that it is not possible to conceive of this company only as a producer or distributor of audiovisual content (paradigm of television studies ) or exclusively as a digital platform (new media paradigm). Thus, according to Lobato, some of the categories or roles that Netflix fulfills are: video platform, audiovisual distributor, television channel, global media corporation, technology company, software system, big-data business, cultural industry, style of life, mode of media consumption and, a ritual.

The 10-year lease of "The Paris", a mythical movie theater located in Manhattan, opened in 1948 and stopped operating in August of 2019.

The company announced through a digital press release that it would be presenting special events and screenings of its films. Months before, various press reports indicated Netflix's intention to reach an agreement for 10 million dollars with the American Cinematheque, which operates the Egyptian Theater, an iconic movie theater in Los Angeles; The deal would be for the cinematheque to continue using the facilities on weekends for its regular screenings and talks, while the Los Gatos company would use the premises during the week for its own projects. In May 2020, Netflix announced that the operation had been completed and that the team and objective of the cinematheque would remain intact; for its part, the cinematheque assured that with this deal it managed to get out of a financial crisis of several years that was approaching a point of no return.

Because the restoration of the Egyptian Theater was made possible, in part, with public money (Los Angeles City Hall, the federal government, and the National Endowment for the Arts), the city's arts and culture community has expressed doubts about this sale, And by the end of July 2020, more than 3,000 people had signed a petition posted on the Change.org site demanding that the film library make the financial operation transparent, beginning by revealing the amount paid by Netflix.

In the case of these 2 operations, the plan is to avoid dealing with the theater owners to screen their films under the terms that they require and in which all films must remain in theaters for 90 days before being distributed by other means. The company would support its goal of meeting the Academy's requirement of showing a film for at least 7 consecutive days to compete in the Oscars if it had movie theaters and shows there.

The data used to create the Internet Service Provider Speed Index for Netflix is based on the number of hours of TV shows and movies a member watches.

The indicated speeds are an indicator of the performance of all network users of an internet service provider, and are based on the average performance of all the streams on the network. Better image quality, faster startup times, and fewer interruptions can be achieved by a faster network.

The maximum performance is below the average. This is due to a variety of factors, including the variety of devices members use and the state of home networks. The factors are not included in the comparison.

The migration process started in 2008 and ended in February of 2016 with the use of cloud server. Its server are located on the Amazon.com network.

You can offer your customers an availability rate of 99.99%. Applications have evolved from a single-processor architecture to a multi-processor one.

The Microsoft Silverlight player that was used to prevent audiovisual content from being downloaded was initially used to prevent the service from being used.

It has been using the browser to broadcast its content. You can use the newer version of the browser to watch the service. To avoid buffering, when a movie is accessed, a small part of it is pre-installed.

More than 700 independently running microservices that communicate with each other through application programming interface or APIs are the basis of the service that is operated by the company. Each microservice is programmed to do a specific task, such as uploading the presentation cartoons for a recommended series or movie, or charging each account for a monthly membership.

In this sense, the small systems that make up theNetflix are not a computer architecture.

The rating system for the DVD movies was started in 2000.

The movies were rated from 1 to 5 stars by subscribers through the online platform. The system made recommendations based on this information. Cinematch was the first system to receive the name.

The company launched a call in October of 2006 to improve the system. The goal of the contest was to create an algorithm that would improve Cinematch's predictions by 10%, so there was no final date set, and the winner would be the one that reached the goal first. Almost 3 years later, on July 26, 2009, the team called BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos, made up of AT&T researchers, managed to outperform Cinematch by 10.6%, thus winning the contest and beating second place The Ensemble by just 20 minutes. , who achieved the same 10.6% improvement.

The data that the company had for each of its clients included, among others, name, postal code, genre, and the rating given to certain films. However, from the viewing of series and movies through the streaming platform, the algorithm has a more precise knowledge of the tastes of the public thanks to data such as from which devices the catalog is viewed, the time of day in which use the service, how long a certain product is viewed, what genres, directors, actors/actresses or year of release is the one you prefer.

With this information, in addition to personalization of the experience of each consumer, and the development of original projects that respond to these tastes or that they know will find an audience, they have developed original projects that respond to these tastes or that they know will find an audience.

The large amount of information that the company accumulates already raised fears among privacy analysts.

The way this data is processed has been the subject of legal claims in the United States, particularly linked to the release of information used by the teams participating in theNetflix Prize.

The use of an algorithm as a basis for decision-making is used frequently by specialists, analysts and the general public.

This tool is a complex system that, among other things, orders the platform's product catalog based on what the user has previously seen and on the way in which they have rated certain movies or series, also generating a large number of tags or categories that help customers select what to see and the platform itself allows you to make suggestions.

Other data used by this system are the tastes and preferences of other users who have been classified as similar, as well as the genres, actors and year of release of the productions that the person is used to, the time of day they are seen , the devices you use (tablet, computer, video console, etc.), and how long you use the platform. ​

The titles of the tags are generated by human beings, employed by the company, who review all the content of the catalog with the objective of granting the series and films one of the more than 200 classifications or labels, based on certain specific criteria; in English they are known as Netflix taggers. Some of these tags relate to a certain level that the production possesses (level of comedy/action/chase scenes), others are concepts or phrases that describe the material, such as "cerebral" or "rebellious", while others refer to to the theme, genre or recognition of the product, such as "gastronomy", "black comedy" or "Emmy Awards" / "Golden Globes". ​

According to what the company itself has revealed, the combination of all these elements has helped to accurately anticipate the tastes of the public, which has helped them to decide on the themes, actors or actresses, or directors in which they should invest, or if it is pertinent to invest in a proposed project.

The service's first original series, House of Cards, and the film by Alfonso Cuarn are two examples of this. The information that the platform had at the time would have made it possible to know that there was an audience for each production.

The first original content for the service was the political drama House of Cards, which aired in February of 2013). The series was produced by David Fincher and starred Kevin Spacey. In late 2011, Netflix picked up two eight-episode seasons of Lilyhammer and a fourth season of the former Fox series Arrested Development. Netflix announced that it would premiere the supernatural drama series Hemlock Grove at early 2013. In February 2013, DreamWorks Animation and Netflix agreed to produce a new animated series called Turbo FAST, based on the film Turbo, which was released in July of that year. In March 2013, Netflix announced that it had signed on the Wachowskis and Michael Straczynski to write and produce their new science fiction series, Sense8 , which premiered on June 5, 2015.

Some of these series are conceived as niche products, but others reach global audiences and success.

In addition, there are various documentaries in both feature-length and medium-length formats, as well as documentary series, covering different topics. There are several themes associated with art and gastronomy that can be found in the documentary series.

The company invested 8 billion dollars in original productions in the last year, 2,000 more than in the previous year. The investment would produce more than 100 works, of which about 80 would be films from 16 countries in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, made in 16 different languages.

Since the beginning of operations in the Latin American and Caribbean region, Netflix has turned to local productions first with those already created and positioned among the public and then to generate its own products under its own label. In the first case, negotiations with Telemundo, Televisa, Univision, Telefe, TVN, TV Perú, América Televisión, Caracol Televisión and RCN Televisión, among other companies, allowed it to offer up to 20% of telenovelas to its subscribers at one point. against about 80% of American movies and series. The aim was to develop their own products in the language and with well-known figures from each country, with the aim of creating ties with local audiences and capturing the attention of the media.

The platform has produced or acquired series such as La Casa de Papel (Spain), Club de Cuervos (Mexico), Narcos (Colombia), Dhamer (United States), or Dark (Germany).

Devices that are compatible with the streaming service include a variety of electronics, including game consoles, computers, and digital media players.

HDCP 2.2 is supported by both of the 4K-capable devices and displays. The Microsoft PlayReady 3.0 digital rights management solution requires a compatible processor, graphics card, and software environment for 4K streaming on personal computers.

This feature is currently limited to 7th generation Intel Core or later CPUs, Windows 10, Nvidia Geforce 10 series, and AMD Radeon 400 or later, running through the Microsoft Edge web browser or Netflix Universal app available in the Microsoft Store. ​ ​ ​ ​

You can view the productions in the catalog as if they were in a virtual reality experience with the new application from netflix. It is necessary to have a virtual reality device in order to do this.

In its day, cable and satellite television was accused of encroaching on and disrupting local markets. It has been considered a vehicle for American cultural imperialism.

The start of its services in certain countries has been surrounded by accusations of breaking regulations imposed on other media actors, which it has achieved by presenting itself as an internet service or any other status other than that of a media company or of entertainment.

In March 2015, with the announcement of the start of services in Australia, local chains expressed their discontent that Netflix would not comply with the regulations that they had to follow. For its part, in January 2016, when Netflix began operations in more than 130 countries, Kenya issued a statement through its Film Classification Board (Kenya Film Classification Board in English), where it said that the company's entry meant a violation of television and film distribution laws, in addition to considering that, as a progressive country, it could not allow itself to be a passive recipient of foreign content that can corrupt the moral values ​​of children and compromise national security. ​

In the same year and context, the Russian Deputy Communications Ministry, Alexei Volin, regretted that Netflix had not consulted with the country's authorities, including media regulatory agencies, while the Culture Minister, Vladimir Medinsky, equated the platform to a Trojan horse with which the US government intends to infiltrate homes around the world.

Despite accusations of US cultural imperialism, Netflix has made efforts to offer culturally diverse content from various parts of the world to make its catalog appeal across borders and thus reach more customers.

When it launched operations in Asia, it invested in more than 180 original productions, hired local staff and created more than 8,000 jobs, as well as shooting in places like Penang, Thailand, and the Philippines.

The video-on-demand model of which Netflix is ​​a part, along with other companies such as Hulu or Amazon Prime Video, has received various criticisms related to the social and health effects of viewing more than one movie or series episodes in a single session, a practice known as marathons or binge-watching. It favors practices such as the existence of series with episodes with unclear or shocking endings, the automatic reproduction of subsequent episodes, and its presentation in the form of to-do lists, which are all criticized.

Netflix accounts for more than a third of Internet traffic in the United States. This leads to significant energy consumption and, associated with that, significant greenhouse gas emissions. Streaming and viewing video-on-demand services like Netflix release about 100 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. This equates to a small part of global emissions.

The state of Belgium releases as much CO2 per year as the video service releases. Unlike other video streaming platforms, which provide regular reports on energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and the actual energy mix of its global activities,Netflix does not.

One of the biggest criticisms or opposing positions that have been built around streaming platforms in general is the way in which they have changed the audiovisual culture of their audience. These critical voices affirm that, by prioritizing their own productions (Netflix increasingly produces series of higher quality and budget) and regularly deleting more and more films and productions from other companies from its catalogue, As well as having a limited catalog of old films, the company generates changes in consumption habits, particularly among its younger members. One of the most notorious cases in this regard is the withdrawal from the catalog of films and series made or under the control of Disney, this due to the large number of products that this means and the attachment of the public to many of these productions.

This position of the industry and some media specialists contrasts with the highly positive perception that Netflix has among its users, mainly among the youngest. Faced with this criticism, Netflix defends itself by arguing the high costs of renewing licenses. from third-party products, so when your license expires and cannot be renewed, it gives your subscribers advance notice so they can view the affected content before it's gone.

The film industry considers that the model of cinema will be in danger if the company doesn't release its original films in theaters. The situation was already seen on television, VHS and DVD.

Film Journal International thought that this strategy of not showing its original productions in theaters before making them available in the digital catalog was unfair. The magazine said that the letter was addressed to Ted Sarandos, the company's programming manager.

In 2015, Reed Hastings, the company's president and founder, said that television will be obsolete in 30 years. This provoked several criticisms, since one of the problems that Netflix and other similar platforms face is the fragmentation of content due to licensing problems. Another criticism is an alleged ideological bias towards the political left of the Netflix productions. platform, which would cause some conservative sectors to look at it with suspicion.

The collection of data from its users for the production of new content is one of the aspects that generate debates about the service. The journalist Alejandro Eloy Rodrguez wrote a book about how the company studies the behavior of its subscribers to reduce the economic risks of production.

Michael Wolff has a different opinion than a lot of academics and media specialists who think that digital services that distribute audiovisual content over the Internet are the revolution within the entertainment industry.

The journalist thinks that the essence of the service is similar to that of television.

In his book Television is the New Television (TV is the new television, 2015), he suggests that instead of promoting the interactive characteristics of the internet, Netflix decided to favor structures, narratives and aesthetic already established by the television industry. In the same way, he argues that by transforming from a DVD rental company into a digital studio, the streaming platform transferred behaviors, values, schemes and experiences of the television industry to computer screens -such as the passive viewing of content- , making what until then were considered interactive tools and a two-way flow of information, into something more similar to the old television.

The French journalist Thibault Henneton from Le Monde diplomatique believes that the talent swallowing machine that isNetflix is still a "talent swallowing machine", which feeds on what traditional channels and studios around the world reject. He ended up supporting Cuarn's project because all the studios that the Mexican filmmaker approached rejected him, not because he had been part of the development from the beginning.

The virtue of the company would be in having the data to resell niche products, not just superhero stories.

Toby Miller recalls that the institutional power of television remains, even though many consider it a thing of the past. Miller points out that the production of programs and advertising on television is the same as it is on the internet, and that traditional TV channels are still important for the streaming market. In his book Television Studies: The basics, he points out that people still watch television, even in larger numbers than in the past, and that the only thing that has changed is how the contents are distributed.

Due to the large amount of personal data that the company manages, specialists in the field are afraid of how they will be treated by the company before the launch of its streaming service. The example of fear is "Netflix"

In December 2009, a customer of the DVD mail-order rental service in the United States filed a lawsuit in federal court for privacy violations. The plaintiff, known under the pseudonym "Jane Doe," was a lesbian parent from the state of Ohio who blamed the company for invading her privacy by releasing the data from her rental record - along with nearly half a million of clients - so that the participants of the Netflix Prize or Netflix Prize could improve the prediction system of the platform. Although said data did not include the name of the clients but only identified them with a numerical code, two weeks after the call for the contest was launched, two researchers from the University of Texas, Arvind Narayanan and Vitaly Shmatikov, were able to identify by name to some of the customers whose data was released.

Published online, Narayanan and Shmatikov's draft academic paper claimed that by crossing Netflix data with reviews from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) site, they could determine not only a person's name but even personality traits such as preferences. politics, religious affiliation, sexuality and even physical complexion. Although the identity of the woman was never discovered by any contest team or anyone else, the argument in the lawsuit was the fear that her homosexuality would be discovered through her consumption of films (which included a high number of titles with homosexual theme) and that this revelation would affect his family and professional life.

In March of 2010, an agreement was reached between "Jane Doe" and "Netflix". Even though the second edition of the award was announced, it never took place.

At the end of October, the option to change the speed of your videos was available to users of the operating system. It was the decision of the content creators and not the distributors, how the films were presented that caused the criticism from filmmakers such as Judd Apatow and Peyton Read. It was just a test and probably wouldn't go beyond this stage.

The French edition of 20 Minutes considered the controversy as "a storm in a glass of water" and recalled that the possibility of viewing audiovisual materials at a different speed existed since before Netflix made this test available on Android and mentioned that the speed- watching - watching videos at high speed - has been a common practice available for a long time in devices such as the VLC player and the YouTube platform.

The Egyptian Theater in Los Angeles, which is operated by the American Cinematheque, was reported to be the subject of a 10 million dollar agreement between the two companies.

The cinematheque and the streaming service did not reveal the final amount of the deal. The artistic community of Los Angeles opposed the deal from the beginning because the restoration of the place involved public investment of municipal and federal order, this despite the fact that Netflix assured that the equipment and operations of the cinematheque would continue as before, while the Los Gatos company would use the premises only during the week for its own projects.

By the end of July 2020, more than 3000 people had signed a petition on Change.org demanding that the film library make the financial operation transparent.

The company has created several original productions since the beginning of the year, such as the fictional series 13 Reasons Why and the series documentary starring Gwyneth Paltrow.

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