T.W. Brett

Water use. In 2000 the Philippines withdrew 28.52 billion m3 of water from various sources, of which 70% was used for agricultural purposes.

An Agricultural. Irrigation is the focus of agricultural water management in the Philippines. 50% of the country's irrigated land already has irrigation facilities, which is 3,126 million hectares.

The National Irrigation System is used to develop and operate 50% of the irrigated areas. The Communal Irrigation System is developed by the government and operated by irrigation associations, while the Private Irrigation System is developed and operated by individual or small groups of farmers.

The industrial sector. The use of water for industrial purposes includes the use of water in factories, industrial plants and mines and the use of water as an ingredient in a finished product. Food and dairy, chemicals, and textile materials are some of the industries that use a lot of water.

These industries are found in the National Capital Region, Calabrzon, and Region III. In 1999, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization carried out a study on the use of water in industry and how it affects the production of hazardous waste.

In Metro Manila, thousands of tons of waste are not properly treated.

National. According to a study by David and Inocencio, the means of providing water depends on the income class of the household.

Lower income groups usually consume less water than higher income groups because they have access to private waterworks. Lower-income households pay more for water because they don't have access to water service providers.

The provision of services. The average water production was 175 liters per day. The average water consumption was 118 l/d/c in 2004.

The highest consumption was in the eastern part of Metro Manila.

The water system levels are low. There are 5,000 service providers in the Philippines according to a 2005 World Bank study.

Sanitation is expected to be a private responsibility, while most of them only provide water. Water infrastructure is classified into three levels.

There are levels of water systems. The average number of households served by Tier I stand-alone water points is 15.

Tier II piped water to a communal water point, serving an average of 3-6 households at a distance of 25 meters. Level III piped water supply with a private water point is based on a daily water demand of more than 100 liters per person. service providers

In 1990, access to an improved water source was 85%, but in 2010 it was 92%.

Local government units are made up of people.

The majority of households in the Philippines receive water from their local government units. Community organizations involved in water supply are 200 Cooperative, 3,100 BWSAs and 500 Rural Water Supply Associations. The national government or non-governmental organizations support the Tier I or II water supply systems of community organizations. CBOs can convert Tier I and II facilities to Tier III systems.

Local government subsidies are a major factor in the success of arrangements operated by the Local Government Unit.

The water districts.

A water district is a legal entity that is separate from the city. In urban areas outside of Metro Manila, water districts served 15.3 million people. The Local Water Works and Public Services Administration (LWUA) is the agency that needs to confirm the formation of a water district.

The board members of the water districts are chosen by the local government. The system that is managed by the city has better performance and cost recovery than this one. The Philippine Association of Water Districts provides training to its members.

In 2010 the PAWD received support from the US government to establish a national Water Operators Association program.

Large-scale private operators. In Metro Manila, water service has been carried out by two private concessionaires. Since the 1990s, the national government has supported private service providers.

In Subic Bay there are joint ventures. Tier III services are provided by private water service providers.

Small-scale independent providers.

A large part of the population in urban areas receive services from small-scale providers. It was estimated that 30% of Metro Manila's population depended on them prior to privatization, most buying bulk water from water suppliers to sell to individual users. There are some cases of cooperation between dealers and independent providers. The National Water and Sanitation Association of the Philippines (NAWASA) was formed by 250 small-scale providers in August of 2007.

Access to things.

There is water supply. In 2015, 98% of the population had access to at least basic water in urban and rural areas. 8 million people were without access to basic water in 2015.

The term "at least basic water" is a new term and is related to the previous term "improved water source".

In previous years, according to the March 2012 Joint Monitoring Program report, 42% of the Philippines had access to Tier III private water service providers.

In 1990, access to an improved water source was 84%, but in 2012 it was 92. There is a great discrepancy between access to water in urban and rural areas. The national government is increasing investment in sectors outside of Metro Manila.

Sanitation and wastewater. In 2015, a majority of the population had access to improved Sanitation Services.

There were 27 million people without access to improved sanitation in 2015.

In 2005, only 5% of the population was connected to a sewer network. Most of the toilets used were connected to the tanks. Most effluents were discharged without treatment because sludge treatment and disposal facilities were rare.

The most common method of wastewater treatment in the country is the use of a septic tank. About 75 local companies in the Metro Manila area provide tank removal services.

The first constructed wetlands in the Philippines, serving 700 families, was completed in 2006 in a peri-urban area of Bayawan City that has been used to resettle families living along the coast in informal settlements without access to facilities. Manila Water announced in March of 2008 that a wastewater treatment plant would be built in Taguig.

There are economic aspects.

Water bill information

Current charges before taxes The basic charge covers the cost of operation, maintenance, improvement and expansion of the distribution network, as well as the facilities that bring water to the end user.

The last approved tariffs are used to calculate the Base Charge.

Foreign Currency Differential Adjustment is a percentage of the Base Charge that explains the fluctuations of the Philippine Peso against other countries. The FCDA is 0.18% of the Base Charge.

The Environmental Charge is for the reduction of environmental impacts in the water and wastewater operation.

The basic charge is 20% of it.

The Basic Charge is not included for residential and semi- commercial customers with a sewer line connection.

Commercial and industrial customers are charged 30% of the base charge.

The maintenance service charge is for the water meter.

The water meter's charge changes with it. For a 13mm gauge, the minimum charge is 1.50 Philippine pesos.

Value Added Tax is added. VAT is imposed at 12% of the sum of items included in the current charges before tax.

Other charges. Special charges include connection fees, unscheduled relocation of septic tank utility fees, etc.

Unpaid amount before The charges were billed prior to the billing period.

Current charges must be resolved to avoid a disconnection of water service.

Rates. Different tariffs and levels were created according to the management model. Connection fees can prevent new connections to areas with high poverty rates.

The structures and tariffs of systems operated by the LGU vary widely.

It is difficult to charge rates based on consumption since connections are not metered. When tier I or II services are provided, the fees are usually not very low or very low. Local governments typically cover the costs of providing the service. The average rate of private operators and water districts was half that of the NWRB.

The cost of the rate in the systems operated by the LGU is lower than other models. In order to introduce cost recovery rates and effective regulation, the NWRB issued a Manual on Rate Setting and Regulation in 2005. The document has guidelines for setting rates. The manual can help determine future income requirements and establish annual base rates.

The guidelines for preparing the required annual report as well as the rate approval process are described. The document provides advice on rate structures and water rate adjustments.

Water districts.

The rates have increased in the water districts. The model used in Metro Manila has an average rate for the first 10 m3 and increases for additional consumption. The national average fee for 30 m3 was US$0.36 at the end of 2006 compared to US$0.08 in 1996. The NWRB found the highest average fee of all management models within a sample of 18 water districts.

The average fee was lower than that of private operators.

The capital region of Metro Manila requires an initial fee for the first 10 m3 consumed. Consumers connected to the sewer pay an additional 50% and all users pay a 10% environmental surcharge. The fee for new consumers was US$134 in the East Zone. The average fee per m3 in Metro Manila was US$0.26 before privatization.

The tariffs fell to US$0.05 (East Zone) and US$ 0.12 (West Zone) after the concession contracts went into effect. The Eastern Zone's average tariffs increased to US$0.31 in 2006 from US$0.43 in 2005. The fee was higher for private operators, but higher for water districts.

Some others.

Users who rely on other sources pay more for water. In the capital region, it is common to buy water from the MWSS and resell it. Small-scale operators pay a higher rate than residential and pass the higher cost on to the end user.

Cost recovery.

The cost recovery situation of a water service provider is reflected in its operating ratio. The formula is used to calculate it.

C/R is the ratio.

The total annual cost, the operating cost, and the revenue are shown.

Income is covered by the costs of operation and maintenance if the operation index is below 1. A poor operation rate among most participating utilities was reflected in a 2004 study. The local housing units operated all loss-making providers, and were characterized by a high proportion of non-revenue water, poor continuity of service, low rates, and low coverage within their respective service areas. Four water districts and one private operator are the best performing service providers.

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J.P. Morgan is delivering Real-Time Payments (RTP) on a large scale in the marketplace. In 2017, J.P. Morgan was one of the early adopter banks to go live with Real-Time Payments in the U.S. on The Clearing House’s RTP® network. Since then, the team has refined the offering through client pilots, to design curated solutions.

This year, PayPal went live with J.P. Morgan’s RTP offering in both the U.S. and Europe, the latter through SEPA Instant, enabling their users to have immediate access to their money. After initiating a transfer on the RTP network from PayPal to their account (s) with another bank that is a part of the RTP network, a PayPal customer will be able to access their funds within seconds.* Previously, a PayPal customer needed to wait one day, or sometimes up to a few days (i.e., holidays and weekends), to transfer their funds from their balance with PayPal into an eligible bank account.

PayPal already enables their customers in the U.S. to instantly transfer funds from their balance with PayPal to their eligible debit cards and facilitates an instant transfer to bank service in the U.K. The addition of SEPA Instant is another step towards offering real-time payments around the globe. With Real-Time Payments, processing is instantaneous and enables immediate availability of those funds any day of the week – it’s a true 24x7 offering.

“PayPal recognized J.P. Morgan’s early investment in Real-Time Payments and through conversations, saw the advanced stage we were at and our vision for the future,” says Roberta Burke, J.P. Morgan Treasury Services Corporate Sales for TMT, West Coast.

In April 2019, J.P. Morgan became the only bank in the world with RTP capabilities in three major currencies and markets: USD, GBP and EUR and all via a single API (Application Programming Interface). “Our market-leading position in this space helped to secure our offering with PayPal for Real-Time Payments, expanding upon our existing relationship,” says Burke.

In the past few months, processing volume has soared and isn’t slowing down. “In the fourth quarter of 2018, we were processing six US Real-Time Payments per day,” says Shahrokh Moinian, head of EMEA Wholesale Payments. “With increasing adoption and the introduction of SEPA Instant, our expectations for 2020 are that we will manage well beyond four million transactions per month across the markets.” PayPal will contribute to this growth.

To hear more about how PayPal users are benefiting from Real-Time Payments visit PayPal’s blog.

Advancing Real-Time Payments

Since we launched Real-Time Payments, business-to-business vendor payments have emerged as a popular potential use case. Corporate clients can use ERP and treasury management systems (TMS), to make payments.

As a leader in the industry, J.P. Morgan is collaborating with various businesses and our clients to drive the industry towards real-time.

Key Facts about J.P. Morgan Real-Time payments:

24/7

The market is moving towards real-time with the need for a 24x7 available experience. We invested early in RTP with a new core payments platform and are driving the payments industry towards real-time.

Market Leadership

We are leading the market in terms of volume growth and client adoption. In about one year, we went from launching RTP to rapidly approaching 1 million transactions a month.

It won’t be wrong to say that virtually everyone knows what a cheque is, except for millennials perhaps. It’s not their fault, though, as digital payments are the most popular method of payment in this age of technology due to which cheques are used quite less for a deposit or withdrawal of money.

This article addresses the concept of cheques, Post-dated Cheques (PDC) and everything related to it. Let’s lay the foundation by understanding first what a simple bank cheque is.

A cheque is defined as an instruction to the bank asking to pay a stated sum from the owner’s account to the cheque presenter or drawer. Cheques are written or printed in a specific format and in a form that is not easily replicable.

The respective banks print the cheques, and in some cases, customize them with the name or account number of the person holding an account with the bank. A sample cheque from the State Bank of India is shown below:

Before we dive into the details about Post-dated Cheques, let’s look at the components or parts of a cheque.

As you can see in the image of a sample cheque above, several blanks need to be filled in before you send the cheque to be honoured by the bank.

Also Read: Learn All Necessary Information About Cross Cheques

With the concept of cheques now behind us, it should be much easier to understand the concept of Post-dated Cheques.

So, what is a PDC cheque? Post-dated cheques are normal cheques with a future date written on them. The cheques cannot be honoured by the banks before the date mentioned on the cheque.

Post-dated cheques, like normal cheques, have a validity of 3 months from the date of issuance. The national bank of India, RBI (Reserve Bank of India), has reduced the validity period of all cheques from the previous 6 months to 3 months, effective April 1, 2012.

However, there is a small technicality. The 3 months are not counted in the number of days, but the date of issuance. For example, if the cheque was issued or is payable on 01 Jan 2023, the cheque will be valid till 31st of Mar 2023, irrespective of the number of days in between.

Post-dated cheques are usually issued in one of the below cases.

Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act applies to cheques and post-dated cheques alike. Under Section 138, Post-dated cheques should have an amount written with a future date for withdrawl. There have been incidents where blank post dated cheques have been issued, and the courts have promptly rejected these as the cheques become a bill of exchange only if a certain amount is mentioned on the post-dated cheque.

It is important to note that a bounced or dishonoured cheque is considered a criminal offence, punishable by a jail term or fines under section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.

Under the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, the legal penalty for the dishonour of a post dated cheque is:

As per the provisions of section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, a legal notice should be issued within 30 days of the date the cheque bounced or was dishonoured.

In the absence of a valid response from the respondent, the concerned party must file a case within 45 days from the date of the legal notice.