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Monetary policy is a set of tools used by a nation's central bank to control the overall money supply and promote economic growth and employ strategies such as revising interest rates and changing bank reserve requirements.

In the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank implements monetary policy through a dual mandate to achieve maximum employment while keeping inflation in check.

Monetary policy is the control of the quantity of money available in an economy and the channels by which new money is supplied.

Economic statistics such as gross domestic product (GDP), the rate of inflation, and industry and sector-specific growth rates influence monetary policy strategy.

A central bank may revise the interest rates it charges to loan money to the nation's banks. As rates rise or fall, financial institutions adjust rates for their customers such as businesses or home buyers.

Additionally, it may buy or sell government bonds, target foreign exchange rates, and revise the amount of cash that the banks are required to maintain as reserves.

Monetary policies are seen as either expansionary or contractionary depending on the level of growth or stagnation within the economy.

A contractionary policy increases interest rates and limits the outstanding money supply to slow growth and decrease inflation, where the prices of goods and services in an economy rise and reduce the purchasing power of money.

During times of slowdown or a recession, an expansionary policy grows economic activity. By lowering interest rates, saving becomes less attractive, and consumer spending and borrowing increase.

Contractionary monetary policy is used to temper inflation and reduce the level of money circulating in the economy. Expansionary monetary policy fosters inflationary pressure and increases the amount of money in circulation.

An expansionary monetary policy decreases unemployment as a higher money supply and attractive interest rates stimulate business activities and expansion of the job market.

The exchange rates between domestic and foreign currencies can be affected by monetary policy. With an increase in the money supply, the domestic currency becomes cheaper than its foreign exchange.

In open market operations (OMO), the Federal Reserve Bank buys bonds from investors or sells additional bonds to investors to change the number of outstanding government securities and money available to the economy as a whole.

The objective of OMOs is to adjust the level of reserve balances to manipulate the short-term interest rates and that affect other interest rates.

The central bank may change the interest rates or the required collateral that it demands. In the U.S., this rate is known as the discount rate. Banks will loan more or less freely depending on this interest rate.

Authorities can manipulate the reserve requirements, the funds that banks must retain as a proportion of the deposits made by their customers to ensure that they can meet their liabilities.

Lowering this reserve requirement releases more capital for the banks to offer loans or buy other assets. Increasing the requirement curtails bank lending and slows growth.

Monetary policy is enacted by a central bank to sustain a level economy and keep unemployment low, protect the value of the currency, and maintain economic growth. By manipulating interest rates or reserve requirements, or through open market operations, a central bank affects borrowing, spending, and savings rates.

Fiscal policy is an additional tool used by governments and not central banks. While the Federal Reserve can influence the supply of money in the economy, The U.S. Treasury Department can create new money and implement new tax policies. It sends money, directly or indirectly, into the economy to increase spending and spur growth.

Both monetary and fiscal tools were coordinated efforts in a series of government and Federal Reserve programs launched in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Note: Using Nature's Cleansers for Self and Home. Terri Conroy is the instructor of this tutorials.

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1. In this course, students will learn how to identify wild spring herbs and how to use them to improve their health and recover from the lethargy of winter. They will also learn how to make natural spring cleaning products with plants.

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To download tutorial or watch: Herbal Spring Tonics and Natural Spring Cleaning

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At UPMC, we use IPL therapy to treat:

IPL therapy uses many wavelengths to fix unwanted skin pigment conditions or vein changes.

The light waves pass through the top layer of skin (epidermis) to the targeted lesion, either pigmented or vascular.

In IPL treatment for pigment issues:

In IPL therapy to treat blood vessel problems:

For most skin conditions, you'll need 3 to 6 treatments about a month apart. Spacing out appointments gives your skin time to heal.

Hair removal may take 6 to 12 IPL treatments.

Most people have minimal discomfort and heal quickly after IPL treatment.

You'll likely have some redness, which can last between an hour to a few days. Patients rarely experience swelling.

Other possible, but less common side effects of IPL therapy include:

Results vary based on your skin tone.

IPL treatment has the best results for people who have lighter skin tones. If you have darker skin tones, it may not be the best option for treating your pigment, vein, or other skin issues.

Our highly trained staff will review expected results with you before you have the treatment.

Before you have IPL therapy, you'll meet with one of the experts at UPMC Plastic Surgery who will:

Here's what you'll need to do a few days or weeks before each appointment to prep your skin for treatment:

When you arrive, a licensed aesthetician or physician assistant will:

Next, our highly trained technicians will apply the intense pulse light. Most people say it feels like a sting, much like someone snapping you with a rubber band.

Your therapy will last about 20 to 30 minutes.

Your skin may look red after treatment, but rarely does swelling occur. You can return to your normal routine right away.