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Generic name: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir Dosage form: tablets, co-packaged for oral use Drug class: Antiviral combinations

Medically reviewed by Melisa Puckey, BPharm. Last updated on May 27, 2023.

Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets) is an FDA-approved medicine to treat adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.

Paxlovid is available under an Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA) to treat patients 12 to 18 years old for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.

Paxlovid should be taken as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19. It is taken to decrease the number and severity of symptoms or avoid severe illness, which may lead to hospitalization or death.

Paxlovid may be prescribed for an individual patient by physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, and physician assistants that are licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs. It may also be prescribed for an individual patient by a state-licensed pharmacist under specific conditions.

Paxlovid is not approved or authorized for use as a pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of COVID-19.

Paxlovid contains two medicines: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir.

Nirmatrelvir is a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitor (also known as SARS-CoV2 3CL protease inhibitor) that works by inhibiting viral replication in the early stages of the disease to prevent progression to severe COVID-19.

Ritonavir is co-administered with nirmatrelvir to help slow its metabolism in order for it to remain active in the body for longer periods of time at higher concentrations to help combat the virus.

COVID-19 is caused by a virus called coronavirus. You can get COVID-19 through close contact with another person who has the virus. COVID-19 illnesses have ranged from very mild to severe, including illness resulting in death. While information so far suggests that most COVID-19 illness is mild, serious illness can happen and may cause some of your other medical conditions to become worse. Older people and people of all ages with severe, long-lasting (chronic) medical conditions like heart disease, lung disease, and diabetes, for example, seem to be at higher risk of being hospitalized for COVID-19.

You should not use Paxlovid if you are allergic to the active ingredients nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, or any of the inactive ingredients. Click here for a full list of Paxlovid ingredients.

Some drugs should not be used with Paxlovid, such as those listed below.

Paxlovid should not be started immediately after discontinuation of any of the following drugs:

Tell your doctor if:

Pregnancy

Tell your healthcare provider right away if you are or if you become pregnant. It is not known if Paxlovid  can harm your unborn baby. Ritonavir can make birth control pills or skin patches less effective. Ask your doctor about other birth control options such as an injection, implant, vaginal ring, condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, or contraceptive sponge.

Breastfeeding

Tell your healthcare provider are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if Paxlovid can pass into your breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby during treatment withthis medicine.

Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Use the medicine exactly as directed.

Take nirmatrelvir together with ritonavir (two tablets of nirmatrelvir and one tablet of ritonavir) twice a day for 5 consecutive days.

If you have kidney disease, talk to your healthcare provider. You may need a different dose.

Take Paxlovid as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 and within 5 days of when symptoms first appear.

You may take Paxlovid with or without food.

Swallow the tablets whole and do not crush, chew, or break them.

You may need frequent blood tests to check your liver function.

If you are taking a ritonavir- or cobicistat-containing medicine to treat hepatitis C or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), you should continue to take your medicine as prescribed by your healthcare provider.

Talk to your healthcare provider if you do not feel better or if you feel worse after 5 days.

Nirmatrelvir: 300 mg orally twice a day Ritonavir: 100 mg orally twice a day Duration of therapy: 5 days Comments:

Use: For the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death

For investigational use only patients 12 to 18 years old weighing at least 40 kg: Nirmatrlvir: 300 mg orally twice a day Ritonavir: 100 mg orally twice a day Duration of therapy: 5 days Comments:

Use: For the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in patients who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death

If you miss a dose of Paxlovid within 8 hours of the time it is usually taken, take it as soon as you remember. If you miss a dose by more than 8 hours, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at your regular time. Do not take 2 doses of Paxlovid at the same time.

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash with blistering and peeling).

Call your doctor at once if you have:

Ritonavir affects your immune system, which may cause certain side effects (even weeks or months after you've taken nirmatrelvir and ritonavir). Tell your doctor if you have:

This is not a complete list of side effects, and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Sometimes it is not safe to use certain medicines at the same time. Some drugs can affect your blood levels of other drugs you use, which may increase side effects or make the medicines less effective.

Many drugs can affect Paxlovid and some drugs should not be used at the same time. Paxlovid can interact with other medicines causing severe or life-threatening side effects or death. Tell your doctor about all other medicines you use. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed here.

Do not take Paxlovid  if you are taking any of the following medicines: alfuzosin, amiodarone, apalutamide, carbamazepine, colchicine, dihydroergotamine, dronedarone, eletriptan, eplerenone, ergotamine, finerenone, flecainide, flibanserin, ivabradine, lomitapide, lovastatin, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, lurasidone, methylergonovine, midazolam (oral), naloxegol, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pimozide, primidone, propafenone, quinidine, ranolazine, rifampin, rifapentine, St. John’s Wort (hypericum perforatum), sildenafil (Revatio®, Liqrev®) for pulmonary arterial hypertension, silodosin, simvastatin, tolvaptan,  triazolam, ubrogepant, voclosporin.

These are not the only medicines that may cause serious or life-threatening side effects if taken with Paxlovid. It is very important to tell your healthcare provider about all of the medicines you are taking because additional laboratory tests or changes in the dose of your other medicines may be necessary during treatment with this Paxlovid. Your healthcare provider may also tell you about specific symptoms to watch out for that may indicate that you need to stop or decrease the dose of some of your other medicines.

To check for interactions with Paxlovid click on the link below.

Nirmatrelvir 150 mg tablets

Active ingredient: nirmatrelvir Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, iron oxide red, polyethylene glycol, and titanium dioxide.

Ritonavir 100 mg tablets

Active ingredient: ritonavir Inactive ingredients: anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, colloidal silicon dioxide, copovidone, sodium stearyl fumarate, and sorbitan monolaurate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: colloidal silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 3350, polysorbate 80, talc, and titanium dioxide.

Store at room temperature 20○C to 25○C (68○F to 77○F).

Distributed by Pfizer Labs, Division of Pfizer Inc. New York, NY 10001.

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