Branford Pensa

Wellbutrin may cause several side effects. Here are some frequently asked questions about the drug’s side effects and their answers.

Wellbutrin XL and Wellbutrin SR have similar side effects. This is because they have the same active ingredient, bupropion hydrochloride. Common side effects of both drugs include dry mouth, abdominal pain, insomnia, and nausea.

The main difference between these drug forms is that Wellbutrin XL is released slower in your body. There shouldn’t be any major difference in the type of side effects between the two forms when used to treat depression. However, since only Wellbutrin XL is approved to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD), different side effects may occur in people with SAD compared to depression.

If you have questions about the side effects from Wellbutrin XL and Wellbutrin SR, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

It’s possible that Wellbutrin may cause sexual side effects.

In clinical trials of Wellbutrin XL and Wellbutrin SR, increased and decreased libido were reported during treatment. Libido is the feeling of sexual drive or sexual desire. Sexual side effects caused by Wellbutrin were rare in these trials.

Many antidepressants, such as Zoloft (sertraline) and Effexor XR (venlafaxine), can cause sexual side effects. Wellbutrin is typically regarded as one of the antidepressants that are least likely to cause sexual side effects.

If you have questions about sexual side effects and Wellbutrin, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

It’s possible that you may experience more side effects if your dose of Wellbutrin is increased.

They typical maintenance dose for treating depression and SAD is 300 milligrams (mg) per day. With most medications, there’s a risk of more frequent side effects as you increase the dose. So, if you were experiencing side effects when taking the 150 mg dose of Wellbutrin, it’s possible that you’ll experience more frequent side effects when your dose is increased to 300 mg. These side effects can include nausea, dizziness, and abdominal pain.

Talk with your doctor if you experience side effects with the 150 mg dose of Wellbutrin. Since side effects are similar between 150 mg and 300 mg, a larger dose may increase severity or frequency of side effects. However, side effects at the 150 mg dose may indicate that you might not be able to tolerate Wellbutrin long-term.

If you have questions about side effects with your dose of Wellbutrin, talk with your doctor of pharmacist.

To learn more about Wellbutrin’s dosage, see this article.

Yes, it’s possible for Wellbutrin to cause long-term side effects, such as weight changes, seizures, and episodes of mania and hypomania.

However, most side effects that people taking this medication experiences were short-term. Or they went away after stopping Wellbutrin treatment.

Talk with your doctor if you have questions about long-term side effects with Wellbutrin. They can discuss the risk of side effects with you.

Withdrawal symptoms after stopping treatment with Wellbutrin were not reported in clinical trials of Wellbutrin XL and Wellbutrin SR. Withdrawal symptoms refer to unpleasant side effects that occur when you stop taking a drug that your body is used to.

Although Wellbutrin was not reported to cause withdrawal symptoms in clinical trials, it’s recommended that the dosage for Wellbutrin XL should be tapered (lowered) before stopping the medication. You should never stop a medication without discussing with your doctor first.

If you’re thinking of stopping Wellbutrin, talk with your doctor. They can determine the safest way for your to stop treatment with Wellbutrin.

No, hair loss was not reported in clinical trials of Wellbutrin XL and Wellbutrin SR.

To ease the pain and swelling, apply an ice pack or cold, wet washcloth to the bee sting for up to 20 minutes Use an over-the-counter medication If your little one is in pain, ease the ache with an age-appropriate dose of acetaminophen (like baby or children's Tylenol) or ibuprofen (like baby or children's Advil)

The junction-gate field-effect transistor (JFET) is one of the simplest types of field-effect transistor.[1] JFETs are three-terminal semiconductor devices that can be used as electronically controlled switches or resistors, or to build amplifiers.

Unlike bipolar junction transistors, JFETs are exclusively voltage-controlled in that they do not need a biasing current. Electric charge flows through a semiconducting channel between source and drain terminals. By applying a reverse bias voltage to a gate terminal, the channel is pinched, so that the electric current is impeded or switched off completely. A JFET is usually conducting when there is zero voltage between its gate and source terminals. If a potential difference of the proper polarity is applied between its gate and source terminals, the JFET will be more resistive to current flow, which means less current would flow in the channel between the source and drain terminals.

JFETs are sometimes referred to as depletion-mode devices, as they rely on the principle of a depletion region, which is devoid of majority charge carriers. The depletion region has to be closed to enable current to flow.

JFETs can have an n-type or p-type channel. In the n-type, if the voltage applied to the gate is negative with respect to the source, the current will be reduced (similarly in the p-type, if the voltage applied to the gate is positive with respect to the source). Because a JFET in a common source or common drain configuration has a large input impedance[2] (sometimes on the order of 1010 ohms), little current is drawn from circuits used as input to the gate.

A succession of FET-like devices was patented by Julius Lilienfeld in the 1920s and 1930s. However, materials science and fabrication technology would require decades of advances before FETs could actually be manufactured.

JFET was first patented by Heinrich Welker in 1945.[3] During the 1940s, researchers John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Shockley were trying to build a FET, but failed in their repeated attempts. They discovered the point-contact transistor in the course of trying to diagnose the reasons for their failures. Following Shockley's theoretical treatment on JFET in 1952, a working practical JFET was made in 1953 by George C. Dacey and Ian M. Ross.[4] Japanese engineers Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe applied for a patent for a similar device in 1950 termed static induction transistor (SIT). The SIT is a type of JFET with a short channel.[4]

High-speed, high-voltage switching with JFETs became technically feasible following the commercial introduction of Silicon carbide (SiC) wide-bandgap devices in 2008. Due to early difficulties in manufacturing — in particular, inconsistencies and low yield — SiC JFETs remained a niche product at first, with correspondingly high costs. By 2018, these manufacturing issues had been mostly resolved. By then, SiC JFETs were also commonly used in conjunction with conventional low-voltage Silicon MOSFETs.[5] In this combination, SiC JFET + Si MOSFET devices have the advantages of wide band-gap devices as well as the easy gate drive of MOSFETs.[5]

The JFET is a long channel of semiconductor material, doped to contain an abundance of positive charge carriers or holes (p-type), or of negative carriers or electrons (n-type). Ohmic contacts at each end form the source (S) and the drain (D). A pn-junction is formed on one or both sides of the channel, or surrounding it using a region with doping opposite to that of the channel, and biased using an ohmic gate contact (G).

JFET operation can be compared to that of a garden hose. The flow of water through a hose can be controlled by squeezing it to reduce the cross section and the flow of electric charge through a JFET is controlled by constricting the current-carrying channel. The current also depends on the electric field between source and drain (analogous to the difference in pressure on either end of the hose). This current dependency is not supported by the characteristics shown in the diagram above a certain applied voltage. This is the saturation region, and the JFET is normally operated in this constant-current region where device current is virtually unaffected by drain-source voltage. The JFET shares this constant-current characteristic with junction transistors and with thermionic tube (valve) tetrodes and pentodes.

Constriction of the conducting channel is accomplished using the field effect: a voltage between the gate and the source is applied to reverse bias the gate-source pn-junction, thereby widening the depletion layer of this junction (see top figure), encroaching upon the conducting channel and restricting its cross-sectional area. The depletion layer is so-called because it is depleted of mobile carriers and so is electrically non-conducting for practical purposes.[6]

When the depletion layer spans the width of the conduction channel, pinch-off is achieved and drain-to-source conduction stops. Pinch-off occurs at a particular reverse bias (VGS) of the gate–source junction. The pinch-off voltage (Vp) (also known as threshold voltage[7][8] or cut-off voltage[9][10][11]) varies considerably, even among devices of the same type. For example, VGS(off) for the Temic J202 device varies from −0.8 V to −4 V.[12] Typical values vary from −0.3 V to −10 V. (Confusingly, the term pinch-off voltage is also used to refer to the VDS value that separates the linear and saturation regions.[10][11])

To switch off an n-channel device requires a negative gate–source voltage (VGS). Conversely, to switch off a p-channel device requires positive VGS.

In normal operation, the electric field developed by the gate blocks source–drain conduction to some extent.

Some JFET devices are symmetrical with respect to the source and drain.

The JFET gate is sometimes drawn in the middle of the channel (instead of at the drain or source electrode as in these examples). This symmetry suggests that "drain" and "source" are interchangeable, so the symbol should be used only for those JFETs where they are indeed interchangeable.

The symbol may be drawn inside a circle (representing the envelope of a discrete device) if the enclosure is important to circuit function, such as dual matched components in the same package.[13]

In every case the arrow head shows the polarity of the P–N junction formed between the channel and the gate. As with an ordinary diode, the arrow points from P to N, the direction of conventional current when forward-biased. An English mnemonic is that the arrow of an N-channel device "points in".

At room temperature, JFET gate current (the reverse leakage of the gate-to-channel junction) is comparable to that of a MOSFET (which has insulating oxide between gate and channel), but much less than the base current of a bipolar junction transistor. The JFET has higher gain (transconductance) than the MOSFET, as well as lower flicker noise, and is therefore used in some low-noise, high input-impedance op-amps. Additionally the JFET is less susceptible to damage from static charge buildup.[14]

The current in N-JFET due to a small voltage VDS (that is, in the linear or ohmic[15] or triode region[7]) is given by treating the channel as a rectangular bar of material of electrical conductivity q N d μ n {\displaystyle qN_{d}\mu _{n}} :[16]

where

Then the drain current in the linear region can be approximated as

In terms of I DSS {\displaystyle I_{\text{DSS}}} , the drain current can be expressed as[citation needed]

The drain current in the saturation or active[17][7] or pinch-off region[18] is often approximated in terms of gate bias as[16]

where IDSS is the saturation current at zero gate–source voltage, i.e. the maximum current that can flow through the FET from drain to source at any (permissible) drain-to-source voltage (see, e. g., the I–V characteristics diagram above).

In the saturation region, the JFET drain current is most significantly affected by the gate–source voltage and barely affected by the drain–source voltage.

If the channel doping is uniform, such that the depletion region thickness will grow in proportion to the square root of the absolute value of the gate–source voltage, then the channel thickness b can be expressed in terms of the zero-bias channel thickness a as[19][failed verification]

where

The transconductance for the junction FET is given by

where V P {\displaystyle V_{\text{P}}} is the pinchoff voltage, and IDSS is the maximum drain current. This is also called g fs {\displaystyle g_{\text{fs}}} or y fs {\displaystyle y_{\text{fs}}} (for transadmittance).[20]

Umbrella insurance refers to liability insurance that is in excess of specified other policies and also potentially primary insurance for losses not covered by the other policies.

If your keyboard has an F Lock key , press it to toggle between the standard commands and alternate commands When the F Lock light is Off, alternate functions

Z for Zachariah is a post-apocalyptic science-fiction novel by Robert C. O'Brien that was published posthumously in 1974. The name Robert C. O'Brien was the pen name used by Robert Leslie Conly. After the author's death in March 1973, his wife Sally M. Conly and daughter Jane Leslie Conly completed the work, guided by his notes.[1] Set in the continental territory of the United States, it is written from the first-person perspective as the diary of sixteen-year-old Ann Burden. Burden has survived nuclear war and nerve gas by living in a small valley with a self-contained weather system.

According to Sally Conly in summer 1972, Z for Zachariah would be her husband's "second adult novel" following the months-old science-fiction thriller A Report from Group 17.[2] O'Brien had previously established himself as a children's writer with novels The Silver Crown (1968) and Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH (1971). In the event, Z for Zachariah was a runner-up for the 1976 Jane Addams Children's Book Award[3][4] and it won the Edgar Award for best mystery fiction in the juvenile category.

Ann Burden is a teenage girl who believes she is the last survivor of a nuclear war. Since her family's disappearance on a search expedition, she has lived alone on her farm in a small valley spared from radiation poisoning. A year after the war, a stranger in a radiation-proof suit approaches her valley. Afraid he might be dangerous, Ann hides in a cave and does not warn the man when he mistakenly bathes in a radioactive stream. When he falls ill, her fear of being alone forever leads her to reveal herself to help him. She discovers that the stranger is John Loomis, a chemist who helped design a prototype radiation-proof "safe-suit" at an underground lab near Ithaca, New York. Ann moves him into her house and fantasizes about eventually marrying him.

Loomis becomes delirious, with traumatic flashbacks to the underground lab. He talks of how he shot his coworker, Edward, who tried to take the safe-suit to find his family. Though troubled by this revelation, Ann nurses him through his illness and keeps secret her knowledge of Edward's death. As Loomis recovers, Ann is taken aback when he forbids her to touch the safe-suit and begins giving her orders on farming and managing resources. His explanation that they have to plan "as if this valley is the whole world and we are starting a colony," makes her uneasy.[5] Her uneasiness increases when she asks if he was ever married, and he grabs her hand roughly, rebuking her when she accidentally hits him while trying to regain her balance. One night soon afterwards, she awakes to hear Loomis in her room. When he attempts to rape her, she flees to the cave again.

Later, Ann approaches Loomis and proposes sharing the valley and farm work but living apart. He professes surprise when she tells him she won't live with him anymore and asks why, as if he has no idea. Ann remembers that he acted the same after he had grabbed her hand, "as if nothing had happened, or as if he had forgotten it,"[6] She refuses to justify her choice to him, to tell him where she is living, or to come back to live with him. Loomis answers that he has no choice but to accept her proposal, though he hopes she will reconsider and "act more like an adult and less like a schoolgirl".[7] Though the arrangement is "unnatural and uneasy," and Ann worries about surviving winter, she sticks by her decision and wishes Loomis had never come.[8] Loomis locks the store, cutting off her supplies. When she approaches him for the key, Loomis shoots her in the ankle. Ann flees, realizing that he had not shot to kill, only to lame her to make her easy to capture. Loomis uses her dog, Faro, to track her to the cave, where he burns her belongings, though Ann escapes. Ann's ankle wound becomes infected. As she recovers, she has feverish dreams of another valley where children wait for her to teach them. Ann comes to believe the dreams may be true and Loomis is insane, so she plans to steal the safe-suit and find her dream valley. Moreover, she decides to kill Faro to prevent Loomis from tracking her, though she is later unable to do so. However, Faro is fatally poisoned swimming across the dead creek to her.

Ann finally acts on her plan. She lures Loomis from the house with a note offering to talk if he meets her unarmed, then steals the safe-suit and waits for Loomis to arrive. When he does, she reveals her knowledge of Edward's murder, which shocks Loomis enough to stop him from shooting her. He begs her not to leave him alone. Ann tells him she will send people to him if she finds any, and leaves. Loomis's last action is to call out that he once saw birds circling to the west. Ann walks west into the radiated zone, hoping to see a green horizon.

It is revealed that, as a child, Ann had owned a Biblical ABC book which mentioned the prophet Zachariah. She remembers thinking that if Adam (who was used for the letter "A") was the first man on earth, Zachariah (who represented the letter "Z") must be the last, and likens this to her status as the last survivor of the war.

The story's events are set almost entirely in Burden Valley, a small and remote valley somewhere in the USA. It was named after the protagonist's ancestors, who were its first settlers and built a farm in the northern end. The only other inhabitants were the Kleins, a couple who owned the store and mainly did business with Amish farmers to the south.

The valley is approximately 4 miles long, from Burden Hill in the north to an S-shaped pass in the south called "the gap". The largest of its two streams, Burden Creek, is radioactive because its source is outside the valley. It runs parallel to the road from north to south and exits the valley through the gap. A smaller stream originates from a deep spring on an eastern hillside and feeds a small lake with fish that provide a food source for Ann. The stream then meanders south and joins Burden Creek. Much of the valley is made up of woodlands.

Ann initially thinks the animals in the Valley are probably the last of their species; however, at the end of the book Loomis reveals he has seen birds flying in the distance west of the valley, which implies other life as well. There are rabbits and squirrels in the valley. There are also some crows, which Ann believes survived because only they had the "sense" to stay in the valley, while other birds migrated.[9] There are two cows, a bull calf, and chickens on Ann's farm.[10] Finally, there is the dog, Faro, who belonged to Ann's cousin David.

The most important feature of the valley is that it is somehow separated from the surrounding atmosphere and has its own weather system.[11] Loomis calls it a meteorological enclave created by an inversion (i.e., air only rising, not falling), but he views its existence as so unlikely that it is only a theoretical possibility.[12]

Seeing the story as a conflict between an innocent girl and a domineering male scientist bent on controlling the valley, reviewers have found themes such as the destructiveness of science (at least when it is separated from conscience), the corrupting effect of the desire for power, and the moral value of individual freedom. Ann's sensitivity and love of nature are viewed as contrasting with Loomis' callous reasoning and selfish compulsion to take control. Writing for The Spectator in April 1975, Peter Ackroyd concludes that "science turns paradise sour."[13] Reviews the same year in The Junior Bookshelf[14] and Times Literary Supplement[15] described Ann as an unwilling Eve who "finally refuses to begin the whole story over again." Another major theme of this book is survival, because the whole story is about surviving after a nuclear holocaust.

Soon after the book was published it was serialised in the UK in the teenage magazine Jackie.

In February 1984, the BBC presented a film adaptation for its Play for Today series in which the setting was changed from America to Wales.

Z for Zachariah, a 2015 film adaptation of the novel premiered in January 2015 with financing from Creative Artists Agency (CAA) and Material Pictures. Eschewing the central Adam/Eve theme and its deconstruction of abusive and controlling relationships, it adds a third character and involves a love triangle. It stars Margot Robbie, Chiwetel Ejiofor, and Chris Pine. Craig Zobel directs from an adapted script by Nissar Modi.[16][17][18] Filming took place on New Zealand's Banks Peninsula[19] and in the small former coal mining town of Welch, West Virginia.[20]