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TheTRACT

To find out the amount of presentation of Helicobacter spp. A study was carried out in canines from Valdivia, Chile, through the use of a procedure called a gastric biopsy of the fundic and histology tests.

The results show that the bacterium was found in all dogs. The urease test gave positive results for Helicobacter in 86.2% of the samples from the fundic zone. The bacterium was found in all the fundic samples and in almost all the samples from the antrum. The frequencies obtained between the urease test and histology were statistically significant in the fundic area. Dogs of all ages were found with the bacterium.

The samples that were positive to the urease test reacted quickly. The degree of Helicobacter spp. infections was determined by the degree of infections located on the mucosal surface, in the gastric fossae, and in the parietal cells.

Dogs, stomach, urease test, histology.

The determination of Helicobacter spp. is done by a Gastric Biopsy.

TheTRACT

The dogs of Valdivia city, Chile, were studied to determine if Helicobacter spp. was present. Gastric mucosal biopsy from fundus and pyloric antrum were analyzed by urease test and histology. The appearance of the stomach, the time reaction to urease test, the degree of infections and distribution of Helicobacter spp were analyzed. All dogs were found to have Helicobacter spp.

The fundus samples had a positive urease test in 86.2% and the pyloric antrum samples had a positive urease test in 75.9%. The bacterium was found in all of the fundus and antrum samples. The results of urease test and histology in fundus samples were different to those obtained in the antrum region. Thelicobacter spp. was found in both sexes. The urease test results of samples that were incubated were mostly positive between 3 to 24 hours.

Moderate to marked degree of histology to determine degree of Helicobacter spp. infections were detected on the mucosal surface, gastric pits, and parietal cells.

Dogs, stomach, urease test, histology are some of the key words.

On January 17th,2006, the received was: Accepted on January 18th, 2007.

The introduction

The isolation of the Helicobacter from the stomach in humans has been linked to a number of diseases, such as gastritis, gastric cancer, and gastroduodenal ulcer.

In the early 19th century, thesebacteria were isolated in the stomach of dogs by Rappin and Bizzozero, but they did not become important until they were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in humans.

The Helicobacter have 19 species. They are mobile by monotric or lophotric polar flagella, Gram negative, microaerophilic and have an optimum growth temperature of 37C.

They are classified according to their location in the non-gastric and gastric species, the latter found in the GI tract.

The production of urease is a characteristic of Helicobacterbacteria. The acidic environment of the stomach allows the ammonia to be generated, creating an alkaline shell around the bacteria.

The spiral shape and multiple flagella allow the organisms to escape the extremely low pH and peristaltic movements. According to Valdés, they produce lipases and proteinases that allow them to get nutrition, reduce the mucus in the stomach, and facilitate their flagellar movement.

Animals that have been found to have this species of bacterium include cats and dogs, ferrets, pigs, calves, and cheetahs.

Gastric bacteria found in dogs are H. felis , H. bizzozeroni , H. salomonis , Flexispira rappini (H. rappini) and H. heilmannii and in the gastric mucosa in cats H. felis, H. heilmannii, H. pametensis, and H. pylori have been found .

In humans, the transmission of Helicobacter pylori would occur by direct oral-oral or fecal-oral contact, which has been shown by the isolation of thebacteria from saliva and feces.

It could be because of inadequate sanitary conditions. The role of intimate contact has been shown to support the transmission of the highest prevalence rates in animals. It is thought that there would be an iatrogenic pathway if there was inadequate cleaning and disinfection of the equipment. pups can acquire gastric Helicobacter infection from females during the lactation period and, in turn, pups can infectious others during their growth.

Hegarty and his team have isolated H. pylori from surface water in the USA and Sweden.

The infections have been found in dogs from 2 months to 11 years of age and cats from 5 months to 10 years of age.

Dogs and cats are more likely to have chronic vomiting. Helicobacterbacteria have been suggested as an etiologic factor of chronic gastritis.

Heilmann and Borchard point out that ammonia, which is produced in the breakdown of urea, helps to inflame and erode the gastric mucosa, thus collaborating with the pathogenesis of gastritis and/or gastric ulcers.

Gastric Helicobacter organisms can be found in the stomach, fundic, body, and pyloric regions.

The changes in histology of the gastric glands and parietal cells would indicate the presence of the bacterium.

These changes have been found in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal signs, as well as in clinically healthy animals.

There is concern that domestic animals could be a source of Helicobacter infections. There was no increased risk observed in the former group of cat owners who were tested for H. pylori.

It has been proposed that H. pylori is an animal disease.

In the present study, the presence of Helicobacter spp. in the stomach of dogs from the city of Valdivia, Chile, was detected by means of a urease test and histological observation.

There are methods and materials for them.

Twenty-nine dogs, from 7 months to 11 years of age, and between 5.5 and 21.2 kilo, were examined. The Institute of Animal Pathology of the Austral University of Chile in the city of Valdivia performed endoscopic and histologic exams.

The animals had to have their stomach empty of food and drink in order to perform an adequate visual examination of their stomach. Acepromazine, atropine and sodium thiopental were used for general anesthesia.

The examination was performed with a flexible SCHOTT model VFS 321102 fiberscope, of German origin, 10mm in caliber and 120 cm long, with a 150 Watt Allilluminator light source. The images were recorded on VHS.

The antrum and pylorus were placed opposite the table in order to facilitate the introduction of the endoscope and better visualization of the stomach.

The endoscope was introduced orally, from the esophagus to the gastroesophageal sphincter, passing through the proximal esophageal sphincter, sliding the endoscope through the entire length of the esophagus until it reached the cardia, carefully passing it towards the stomach where the rough folds of the esophagus were observed. the gastric mucosa along the greater curvature.

A small amount of air is insufflated to the wall and distension to help see the mucosal surface. The antrum was found when the fold between the lesser curvature and the antrum was found. The stomach is located upwards and the cardial and fundic area can be seen by using the endoscopic retroversion maneuver.

The stomach is pink, smooth, and shiny, and a visual examination of it was done to see if it has redness, mucus, erosions, and/or blisters. The endoscopic appearance of the stomach of animals presenting large numbers of Helicobacter spp. it presents with increased mucus and erythematous markings on the superficial mucosa, which appears to be correlated with lymphoid follicles, giving the appearance of whitish elevations on an erythematous background (cobblestone appearance) .

The fundus and the pyloric antrum had two gastric mucosal biopsies. The urease test and histological examination were both done with the first.

The biopsies used for the rapid urease test were extracted from the biopsy forceps and submerged in the gel contained in the He-Py Test well (Bios Chile Ingeniería Genetica S.A), recording the animal data on the back indicating: number, date and time the sample was deposited, which was kept between 30 and 40°C during the first three hours, and later at room temperature 20°C. The sample was observed at 2; 3; fifteen; 30 min., 1.3 and 24 hours. The test is based on urease activity. The biopsies are placed in a solution containing urea and a red indicator.

It is positive if there is a change in the color of the sample from yellow to pink, because there will be urease that will split the urea into ammonia.

The samples used for the histological examination were placed in tubes containing 10% formalin, identified with the number of the animal and stomach area, later the inclusion in paraffin and silver staining (Warthin-Starry) was carried out, which is characterized because it is a fast, economic test, with high sensitivity and specificity . The gastric mucosa stained with silver staining is capable of detecting small amounts ofbacteria that are easily distinguishable from the mucosa.

The degree of infection with Helicobacter was classified according to the histological examination of the gastric biopsies using a modified visual analogue scale for canine gastric biopsy samples.

Data was analyzed using statistics.

The Chi-squared test was used in the presentation of Helicobacter spp. between the diagnostic tests and between the gastric areas.

There are results and findings.

The stomach has an Endoscopic appearance.

The endoscopic appearance of the stomach observed in the majority of the dogs did not show alterations, the 29 dogs presenting the following characteristics: reddening of the mucosa was observed in 17.2% (5 dogs), 20.7% (6 dogs) presented an increased amount of mucus, 2 dogs presented edema on the gastric surface and none showed erosions or ulcers (FIG. There is one

The different methods of diagnosis of Helicobacter spp. can be accomplished using the biopsies of the stomach that are obtained through the endoscopy procedure.

The appearance of the stomach can be assessed with the use of gastric endoscopy. To be objective, it is important to examine the macroscopic alterations when moving with the endoscope, so as not to confuse them with the lesions caused by the instrument.

The 25 clinically healthy dogs and 21 with gastrointestinal signs were examined without finding evidence of gross lesions despite having prevalences of Helicobacter spp. in the healthy.

The results of the investigation show that most of the dogs did not present alterations.

Infection with Helicobacter spp. it is often detected in mucous membranes that do not present macroscopic alterations, for which the terms used to describe abnormalities of the mucosal surface, such as edema, erythema, friability, exudate, erosions, hyperplasia and fold atrophy, are of limited value and of low importance. correlation with histological findings .

The alterations caused by Helicobacter spp. are so small that visual examination of the stomach is not needed for the diagnosis of the disease.

There is a presentation of frequencies of Helicobacter spp.

Dogs are presented with Helicobacter spp. in their stomach area. All dogs were positive for thelicobacter spp.

Of the total number of dogs (29) submitted to the urease test, 25 (86.2%) were positive for the presence of Helicobacter spp. in the fundic area and 22 (75.9%) in the area of ​​the pyloric antrum, finding no differences (x2 = 0.8182 and P= 0.3657), this coincides in part with what was reported by Happonen et al., who Using 10 dogs and obtaining samples from 3 gastric zones (fundic, body, and antrum), they obtained positive results for the urease test in 100% for the body, 95% in the fundic zone, and 62% in the pyloric antrum.

The uremic breath test is used to confirm the eradication of H. pylori in humans.

The results are similar between the two areas, according to the results obtained by histological examination.

There were significant differences between the frequencies obtained by the urease test and histology.

The results did not show significant differences in the area of the antrum. There is aFIG. There are two

The frequencies oflicobacter spp. Using the histology test, it was obtained with a smaller number of samples, due to the loss during histological processing of 1 fundal sample and 4 samples from the pyloric antrum, which is due to their small size, caused by overinflation of the stomach. which prevents, on certain occasions, obtaining samples of adequate size . It is difficult to get samples from the antrum due to its shape, which is why some endoscopists do not routinely get biopsies from the antrum.

The samples from the fundic zone and the antrum were found to have the bacteria. These results agree with those obtained by Eaton et al. , who detected the bacteria in all the dogs of groups A and B (31 laboratory dogs and 8 dogs from a shelter) and in 67% of group C (15 animals) in the histological examination and urease test. with gastrointestinal pathology). Similarly, Cattoli et al. , with 25 naturally infected dogs, obtained 92% positive for Helicobacter spp., and Happonen , in 25 clinically healthy dogs and 21 dogs with signs of gastritis, found Helicobacter spp. in all healthy and in 95% of those affected.

The high frequencies of Helicobacter spp. were found in animals that live in groups, as was shown by Henry et al.

The high frequencies obtained could be due to the fact that these dogs, even though they had an owner, remained most of the time on public roads, making contact with other animals possible and facilitating the transmission of thebacteria. The presence of Helicobacter spp. in dogs under one year of age may be due to the fact that the mother of the bacterium is the puppy's mother, and also because puppies can transmit the bacterium to others during their growth stage.

Sex and age affect the Frequency of gastric Helicobacter.

The 9 males presented thebacteria in the biopsies of the fundic area, while 16 females were positive in the urease test

The area of the antrum had males and females that were positive for urease.

All males and females presented the same type ofbacteria in the fundic area. In the pyloric antrum area, Helicobacter spp. are found in 8 males and 15 females. There is a high presence of Helicobacter spp. in dogs less than 1 year old as well as in dogs 12 years old.

The prevalence of the bacterium was found in both young and old animals of both sexes, and no correlation was found between the age and density of colonization.

The urease test has a reaction time.

39.4% of the samples reacted 3 hours after the start of the test and 49.6% reacted 24 hours later.

Of the 29 samples obtained, 25 from the fundic region and 22 from the pyloric antrum were positive to the urease test, with the majority reacting between 3 and 24 hours (89.4%), which is similar to what was observed in the study by Lee et al. , who using 5 experimentally inoculated dogs, observed that the samples from the zones (cardial, fundic, body, pyloric antrum, and pyloric canal), mostly reacted between 6 and 24 hours (76%).

The urease test reaction times are different from what was obtained by Happonen, where his results were recorded between 15 and 60 minutes after the samples were in the air.

Malfertheiner said that the differences could be explained by factors such as the volume of the agar, the concentrations of urea and phenol, and the temperature of the agar.

In the present work, the reaction time and the degree of infection did not indicate an inverse relationship between both variables; however, for Hazell et al., cited by Lee et al. , and Happonen , the time between incubation of the sample in the urease test and recording of the positive reaction is proportional to the number of bacteria, therefore, a shorter reaction time would indicate a higher number of bacteria. bacteria in the sample.

Diagnostic methods are compared.

The urease test had a lower positivity rate than the histological method.

In the fundic zone, 24 samples were positive for both methods and in 4 samples, which were negative for the urease test, they were classified as medium grade (1) and marked grade (3). There were 20 positive and 2 negative samples in the antrum. Three samples that were negative for urease were classified as medium grade (2) and marked grade (1).

These differences in the results obtained between one method and another were also observed by Happonen et al. , who detected the bacteria in 95% in the fundic zone and 62% in the pyloric antrum using the urease test, while by histology the results were 100% and 74%, respectively.

Obtaining false negatives in the urease test would be due to the small number of Helicobacter spp. present in the sample , or due to the discontinuous distribution of the bacteria in the stomach , or due to a spontaneous loss of urease enzymatic activity, a phenomenon seen in different Helicobacter species .

The He-Py Test manual states that the sample size and distribution of thebacteria in the stomach are limitations. The urease test is safe despite this.

False positive results can be caused by other urease-causing gastricbacteria.

The degree of Helicobacter spp. infections is determined by the visual analogue scale.

In the fundic zone, 57.1% of the samples were classified as marked grade, and all of them were found withbacteria.

Only two of the 25 samples from the antrum did not have a positive test forbacteria and a majority were classified as marked grade.

A visual analogue scale was used to determine the degree of infections with Helicobacter spp.

The samples from the fundic area and the antrum presented a moderate to marked degree of infections. In 3 groups of dogs, the majority had a moderate to marked degree of infection, without presenting significant differences between them. In 25 healthy dogs and 21 dogs with gastritis, the authors obtained a moderate to marked degree classification.

The distribution of Helicobacter spp.

The Helicobacter spp. were detected in both regions of the stomach. The distribution of the bacteria was determined by looking at their distribution within the stomach zones, at a superficial level, and at a deeper level in the gastric glands and parietal cells.

The bacteria were found mainly in the fundic area, without presenting significant differences with respect to the pyloric antrum, which would be explained by Happonen , noting that Helicobacter spp. dogs and cats may have a greater affinity for parietal cells than Helicobacter pylori in humans, and this could be related to the predominance of the bacteria in areas other than the pyloric antrum. The researchers found that 70% of thebacteria were found in the fundic zone and 45% in the antrum.

During the histological examination of the gastric mucosa, it was possible to determine that the Helicobacter spp bacteria are located on the surface of the mucosa and in the gastric fossae, as well as in the gastric glands and parietal cells, which coincides with what has been indicated by different authors.

There are 15 and 22 in this picture.

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that Helicobacter spp., a common inhabitant of the stomach of the dogs of different ages and sexes, does not cause noticeable changes in the appearance of the stomach.

The urease test was used to detect the bacterium in all the dogs studied.

The gastric fossa and parietal cells were found to have high levels of the bacterium, which was classified as a high degree of infections.

There are references to haikus.

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There are 6. The Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine was written byETTINGER. W.B.Saunders is from Philadelphia. There are uses.

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7. FOX, J.G.; PERKINS, S.; YAN, L.; SHEN, Z.; ATTARDO, L.; PAPPO, J. Local immune response in Helicobacter pylori-infected cats and identification of H. pylori in saliva, gastric fluid and faeces. The immune system. There was a count of 400-406.

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