Sohum Srikanth

ejb-jar.xml is the optional deployment descriptor that is packaged in an EJB module. ejb-jar.xml has two primary elements: enterprise-beans is used to define beans, resources, and services used by the beans, and assembly-descriptor is used to declare security roles, method permissions, declarative transaction settings, and interceptors. In this section we provide references only to the elements relevant to EJB 3, and we don’t discuss any elements in the schema that are for the sole purpose of backward compatibility with EJB 2. You can refer to the schema of ejb-jar.xml at http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/ejb-jar_3_0.xsd.

The enterprise-beans element is used to define EJBs in an EJB-JAR module. You can use session or message-driven tags to define session beans or MDBs.

Corresponding annotation: Ojavax.ejb.Session The session tag is used to define a session bean.

Corresponding annotation: @javax.ejb.MessageDriven The message-driven-bean tag is used to define an MDB.

Common elements for session and message-driven beans

The following elements are commonly used with session and message-driven beans.

ejb-local-ref

Corresponding annotation: Ojavax.ejb.EJB Used to specify dependencies on local EJBs.

ejb-ref

Corresponding annotation: Ojavax.ejb.EJB Used to specify remote EJB references.

resource-ref

Corresponding annotation: @javax.annotation.Resource Used to specify resource references, e.g., data source, JMS connection factories, etc.

resource-env-ref

Corresponding annotation: @javax.annotation.Resource Used to specify resource JMS destination references, such as a Queue or Topic.

env-entry

Corresponding annotation: @javax.annotation.Resource Defines environment entries for an EJB.

service-ref

Corresponding annotation: Ojavax.xml.ws.WebServiceRef Used to specify dependency on a web service.

The referenced schema is javaee_web_services_client_1_2.xsd, and we have discussed only elements that are useful for EJBs.

persistence-context-ref

Corresponding annotation: Ojavax.persistence.PersistenceContext Defines references to a container-managed entity manager.

persistence-unit-ref

Corresponding annotation: @javax.persistence.PersistenceUnit

Defines references to a persistence unit (i.e., entity manager factory).

injection-target

This defines the name of a class and a name (field or property) within that class into which a resource, EJB, entity manager, etc. should be injected.

post-construct, pre-destroy, pre-passivate, post-activate

Corresponding annotations: Ojavax.annotation.PostConstruct, Ojavax.annota-tion.PreDestroy, Ojavax.ejb.PrePassivate, Ojavax.ejb.PostActivate Used to define lifecycle methods.

security-role-ref

Corresponding annotation: Ojavax.annotation.security.DeclareRoles Used to specify security role references.

You can use the assembly-descriptor element to specify declarative transactions, security role and method permissions, and interceptor binding.

security-role

Corresponding annotation: Ojavax.annotation.security.DeclareRoles

Used to define the security roles used in the application. This is similar to the

@DeclareRoles annotation.

method-permission

Corresponding annotation: @javax.annotation.security.RolesAllowed

Defines the security for EJB methods and signifies which roles are allowed to execute which methods.

container-transaction

Defines the transaction settings for different EJB methods. Equivalent of the

@TransactionAttribute annotation.

interceptor-binding

Defines interceptors either at the module (default interceptor), class, or method level. Similar to the @javax.interceptor.Interceptors annotation.

exclude-list

Corresponding annotation: @javax.annotation.security.DenyAll

Lists the names of the methods customers are not allowed to execute.

application-exception

Corresponding annotation: @javax.ejb.ApplicationException Defines an application exception.

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You were dreaming to have a cat since you were a child and now you have a child, but things are not as easy as you thought... there's the common misbelief that cats are low-maintenance animals but that could not be farther from the truth.

Things don't always go as planned, including the future you and your cat had imagined. If you've tried everything possible to discipline your cat and are thinking that rehoming your cat is your last resort, this article is for you.

There's a common misbelief that cats are low-maintenance animals. Cats are chosen by people who are independent or have very demanding jobs because "cats don't need as much attention as dogs do".

Sadly, significant numbers of cats enter rescue and re-homing facilities each year, over half of which are relinquished directly by owners.

In a recent study about Reasons for the Relinquishment and Return of Domestic Cats to Rescue Shelters, characteristics of 6,089 cats relinquished and returned to 11 rescue facilities in the UK were recorded over a year. That study determined that 60% of cats and kittens entering shelters were relinquished by owners, of which 19% is due to owner circumstances, such as moving to rented accommodation or changes in family circumstances.

In another study, this one from the US, the interviews identified 71 reasons for relinquishment. Personal issues lead to the class of reasons for the relinquishment of cats. The top 3 health and personal issues cited for giving up cats were allergies of a family member to cats, the owner's problems, and a new baby.

In other cases, although minimal, the reason for rehoming cats is behavioral problems that owners haven't been able to resolve.

Because most of the reasons behind the relinquishment and rehoming of cats are personal or allergy-related and not behavioral problems, these issues suggest education and counseling before and after the acquisition of a pet: Allergies, lifestyle, and responsibilities that a cat requires, are not new, and any pet owner has the responsibility to know if they are capable of taking that responsibility before taking a pet home.

Cats are demanding, but they don't need to walk 2/3 times a day like dogs do (some cats like walking on harnesses, but that's a topic for another day). But the fact that cats "don't need" to walk on a leash, does not mean they are low maintenance.

Everybody should understand financial, emotional, physical, and mental responsibilities before getting a cat. These are some questions you should ask yourself before getting a cat:

The main way to prevent rehoming cats is to think thoroughly about the responsibilities of sharing your life with a cat.

While the responsibility of taking a cat should be forever, there are a few circumstances where rehoming can be necessary. The reasons can range from the inability to continue caring for the cat to the owner's death, and a bunch of other reasons in between.

Rehoming should always be the last resort. It can be hard to find a loving home and getting over the loss of a companion can be hard for both the human and the cat.

There are several situations where rehoming a cat is in everyone's best interest.

Unfortunately, undesirable behavior is the reason some cats are rehomed. Undesired behavior can range from scratching furniture to biting or scratching the humans in the household or eliminating them outside the litterbox.

Whilst these are all nasty behaviors that need to be corrected, there´s usually a solution better than rehoming a cat. Hiring a cat behaviorist to help you train your cat to use the litterbox and reduce their environmental anxiety will likely correct those behaviors and is cheaper and easier than it seems.

Some cats seem to start doing these things out of the blue, while others pick them up as a stress response to a recent change in their lives, like a new baby, pet, house, or routine.

If we´ve put in the work and the cat's behaviors don´t cease, rehoming the cat might be the only resort left for some households. Before doing that, it´s worth asking ourselves:

Ultimately, cats will be cats and their behaviors can often be readdressed if we make some adjustments to our life to better meet their needs.

Consider taking a look at our YouTube Channel for videos to help correct cat behavior.

It has been estimated that globally up to 10-20% of human adults are sensitized to cats. That same study showed that cat allergy among humans is second only to house dust mites. (Around 20-30% of patients with respiratory allergy are allergic to cats).

The main protein that causes allergies is called Fel D1 (More than 80%, and typically 90-96%, of individuals allergic to cats, are known to respond to Fel d 1) but eight different feline allergens have been classified (Fel d 1 to Fel d 8), and others are also known to exist.

While much work has been carried out on characterizing the nature of human allergy to cats, controlling clinical symptoms in individuals remains complex and problematic.

Allergies are among the TOP reasons for relinquishing cats according to numerous research articles:

The #1 advice to prevent the relinquishment of cats because of allergies by doctors is to avoid getting a cat altogether. Cat allergies can be severe and hard to deal with.

Before getting a cat it's ideal to:

Not all cats have the same level of Fel D1, meaning that some cats produce fewer allergies (so-called hypoallergenic cats). While there's still not much known about the topic, it's worth checking out for hypoallergenic cats if you are allergic.

There's a major change in your life that you don't have control over:

If you are facing a situation that overrules your life and need some time to figure things out, friends and relatives may be helpful in the short term, but they won't be able to assist you in the long run, and rehoming might be the only last resort.

To me, any non-major reason behind rehoming a cat is selfish and comes from poor planning. For example, in the US, the number 1 reason why Americans relinquish their cats is that they are moving house (29% of owners).

When cat owners have a choice and they still decide to rehome a cat, I see cases in which introducing a cat to a household was a decision that was taken lightly, and that is not okay.

There are a bunch of awful examples of reasons to rehome a cat:

Whilst I believe that the above are bad reasons to rehome a cat, someone who treats a pet like furniture should not have a pet in the first place, so I'm not too sad that the cat gets adopted into a caring and loving family.

Those individuals should never be trusted with anything more than a teddy bear as a pet.

Cats who have been rehomed may miss their previous families. Cats have excellent long-term memory and may remember their owner even if they haven't seen them in years. Additionally and most important, cats may also experience stress due to their new surroundings.

The body language of cats is nuanced and not easily read. Therefore, even if cats genuinely miss their owners, the indications are not always noticeable.

It normally takes 1 to 6 months for a cat to acclimate to a new owner. Getting a cat a new home faster means making the process as pleasant as possible for the cat. Change is much harder for older cats to deal with.

Understand, whenever a cat is rehomed, it feels it will lack all the pleasant things its prior owner used to supply. Provide the cat with plenty of time and room to adjust to its new home and routine. A cat may feel more comfortable in a new place if it hears softer sounds, has places to hide, and is surrounded by things it is used to, like blankets, pillows, and toys.

As mentioned at the beginning of this article, most cat misbehavior is nothing more than cats' natural behavior in places that we deem inappropriate. Cat discipline is easier than it seems.

2 things should be done if our rehoming intention comes from a behavior problem:

Correcting your cat's misbehavior is also going to help you find a good home for your cat because cats with behavioral problems are avoided by many. This means that a cat that exhibits poor behavior might end up the rest of their life in a shelter.

By rewarding your cat to pee, defecate, climb, scratch, and perch in the proper areas using positive reinforcement tactics (such as food or favorite toys), you may train your cat to do so. Clicker training is one kind of behavior modification that may be used to reinforce the behaviors you want to see more effectively.

Learn how to train a cat and you might build a such bond that rehoming will be totally out of the picture.

When rehoming a cat, the intention is to get them to move the minimum amount of times possible. Finding a forever home for your cat is better than finding a shelter that will need a rescue group to find a foster home before it finally moves to a forever home. That second process can be very stressful for the cat.

Giving your cat a new home can be done in several ways, from best to worst:

Some considerations about the above options:

You can use social media or other channels to find a person that's a good match for your cat. Because you might not know the person directly, it's good to ask for some additional information to make sure they are a right fit for your cat.

The #1 objective if you go for a Friend, a Friend of a Friend, Neighbor is to ensure that the reasons you are rehoming the cat are not reasons that would trigger rehoming if they persist once the cat moves to their home.

Rescues often receive cats from local shelters, which may lead to overcrowding.

It's a good step if the prior options fail as they tend to have better infrastructure than shelters and they are no-kill centers.

Shelters are the 1st touchpoints for stray/abandoned cats that are removed from the streets.

Find a shelter that will treat your cat well and make an honest attempt to find it a new home. Finding a good shelter is easy with the help of The Hill's Food, Shelter, and Love program. You can also ask your veterinarian.

If you have to rehome the cat, the ideal person to give it to is a close friend or relative. You're familiar with them, so you know they'll be kind cat owners.

The recommended process is as follows:

It's natural to feel guilty or sad after giving away your cat. Try to remember that although relinquishing your cat may have been less than ideal, it doesn’t define who you are.

Particularly if you did the due diligence before deciding to bring a cat into your life, if things didn't go as expected, there's not much more you could've done. You just can't maintain a cat because you don't have the time, money, or room to take care of it and it might even be best for your cat to be rehomed for their needs to be met.

If the cat needs more assistance with correcting its behavior, a cat behavior or ethologist professional is likely better suited to do so.

Knowing it is frequent and unavoidable might not help alleviate the guilt associated with rehoming a cat. The guilt may be crushing at times, so I've put together a short list to help you get over that guilt.

Below are a few things you can tell yourself if you have guilty about rehoming your cat:

If you're having trouble letting go of your cat, you may always ask the new family for photos or videos of them.

To summarize: Try to acknowledge your feelings, make amends if necessary, and then forgive yourself. If you need help letting go of persistent guilty feelings, consider reaching out to a mental health professional.

You are doing a great deed for the cat by finding a new home where it will be safe and happy. They may find a loving home with a caring family and spend the rest of their days happy. You can make sure they reach a secure location. That's not abandoning them to me. To make them happy, it seems like you're making a very difficult choice to make them happy. What a generous act of kindness!

Citations:

Rachel A. Casey, Sylvia Vandenbussche, John W.S. Bradshaw & Margaret A. Roberts (2009) Reasons for Relinquishment and Return of Domestic Cats (Felis Silvestris Catus) to Rescue Shelters in the UK, Anthrozoös, 22:4, 347-358, DOI: 10.2752/089279309X12538695316185

Janet M. Scarlett, Mo D. Salman, John G. New, Jr. & Philip H. Kass (1999) Reasons for Relinquishment of Companion Animals in U.S. Animal Shelters: Selected Health and Personal Issues, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 2:1, 41-57, DOI: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0201_4

Chan SK, Leung DYM. Dog and cat allergies: current state of diagnostic approaches and challenges. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2018; 10: 97–105.

Curin M, Hilger C. Allergy to pets and new allergies to uncommon pets. Allergol Select 2017; 1: 214–221.

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