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All solutions contain a solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent, often water, is the chemical that’s most abundant. The solute is the chemical(s) that’s less abundant.

How to Dissolve Solids and Scale Down Experiments

For experiments, you will often need to dissolve solutes in solid form to make solutions of a particular strength (strength is measured by ion disassociation). Plan one hour for every 2-4 solutions you need to prepare. You will need a balance to weigh out the solute and a graduated cylinder to measure the solvent (if it’s water).

First, determine the concentration (weight percent or Molarity, see below) and amount (milliliters) of solution you need from your lab procedure. Second, calculate the amount of solute needed in grams, using one of the formulas given below. Next, weigh out the solute and add it to a mixing beaker. Finally, measure the volume of water needed in milliliters with a graduated cylinder and add it to the beaker. Stir the solution until all of the chemical dissolves.

Break up hard lumps of chemical with a mortar and pestle or by careful crushing in a plastic bag with a hammer. Chemicals dissolve more quickly by gently heating the solution and stirring.

You might consider scaling down when experiments call for large amounts of chemical. Scaling down reduces safety hazards, chemical cost, and waste disposal.

Most experiments can be scaled down by dividing the solute and solvent by a factor of your choosing. For example, an experiment calling for 50 g of a solvent and 250 ml of water can be scaled down by a factor of 10 so that it uses only 5 g of solvent and 25 ml of water. You can make scaling down easier by using smaller beakers, test tubes, and other measuring equipment.

When making chemical solutions, always use the appropriate safety equipment.

How to Make Molar Solutions

Molar (M) solutions are based on the number of moles of chemical in one liter of solution. A mole consists of 6.02×1023 molecules or atoms. Molecular weight (MW) is the weight of one mole of a chemical. Determine MW using a periodic table by adding the atomic mass of each atom in the chemical formula.

Example: For the MW of CaCl2, add the atomic mass of Ca (40.01) to that of two Cl (2 x 35.45) to get 110.91 g/mole. Therefore, a 1M solution of CaCl2 consists of 110.91 g of CaCl2 dissolved in enough water to make one liter of solution.

Once the molecular weight of the solute is known, the weight of chemical to dissolve in a solution for a molar solution less than 1M is calculated by the formula:

For example, to make 100 ml of 0.1 M CaCl2 solution, use the previous formula to find out how much CaCl2 you need:

Now you can make your solution: dissolve 1.11 g of CaCl2 in sufficient water to make 100 ml of solution. The amount of water needed will be slightly less than 100 ml.

A balance and a volumetric flask are used to make molar solutions. A procedure for making a molar solution with a 100 ml volumetric flask is as follows:

If you don’t have a volumetric flask you can use a 100ml graduated cylinder instead. Just add the solute to the graduated cylinder and then add distilled water until you reach the 100ml mark in the side of the cylinder.

How to Make Weight Percent (Wt%) Solutions

In weight percent solutions, the weight of the solute is divided by the weight of the solution (solute + water) and multiplied by 100. Since the density of water is 1 g/ml, the formula to calculate the amount of solute that must be mixed for a weight percent solution is:

As an example, to make 100 ml of 10% NaCl (table salt) solution, use the previous formula to find out how much NaCl you need:

Now you can make your solution: dissolve 11.1 g NaCl in 100 ml of water.

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According to a statement issued to ABC Action News, a lack of financing is to blame.

According to the company's website, it employed more than 1,000 people at locations in Tampa, Cincinnati, Scottsdale and St. Louis.

The Tampa location has been open since March of 2005. More than 500 employees in Tampa Bay are now without a job.

"Everybody’s worried about their future," said former employee Shelia Rios. "A lot of families used to work there, couples, so now everybody is going to have to look for another job.”

ABC Action News talked to one patient who flew here from Michigan for surgery at LSI and was told they could no longer render services.

“I said this must be a joke," said Kurt Loosenort. "If I don’t get the help, I can’t do anything that I’m supposed to be doing without great difficulty.”

Loosenort says he spent more than $2,000 in travel and hotel expenses. His surgery was scheduled for Tuesday.

“First thing I’m going to do is pray because God is the big healer and I’m going to have to trust him for who he’s going to line up next to get me the help," said Loosenort.

The company said it is in the process of reaching out to patients with scheduled procedures to notify them of the closings. It is also contacting other surgical providers to determine whether these providers can absorb the additional surgical demand, according to the statement.

“We’ll see," said patient Rory Nelson. "I’m a praying man so I’m going to see what direction I’m going to take next.”

An Oklahoma City location closed toward the end of 2018.

The Laser Spine Institute touted its minimally invasive spine procedures in an outpatient setting.

State law asks employers to notify Florida Department of Economic Opportunity about layoffs. ABC Action News reporter Ryan Smith confirmed Friday, leaders at LSI failed to do so.

The Institute released the following statement on the shutdown:

Tampa-based Laser Spine Institute announced today that it will discontinue its operations, effective at the close of business on Friday, March 1. Despite significant cost saving activities over the last 6 months – including closing three surgical centers – that dramatically reduced its operating cost structure, the company has been unable to achieve a financially sustainable path forward.

The company, the nation’s leader in minimally-invasive spine surgery, will cease operations, effective immediately. The company is reaching out to other surgical providers in the markets where they operate -- Tampa, Cincinnati, Scottsdale, St. Louis -- to determine whether these providers have the capacity to absorb the additional surgical demand. Simultaneously, company representatives are reaching out to all patients who were slated to have surgery in one of the company’s four surgical centers to notify them of the company’s closing and refer them to other in-market options. The company will also provide facilities for patients to receive the requisite post-operative care.

“My heart goes out to our great, dedicated staff who have stuck with us through all of our adversity and worked so tirelessly to help us right the ship,” said Jake Brace, Laser Spine Institute’s CEO, who was brought in late last year to help restructure the company. “We celebrate their efforts to keep the company going, as well as their great track record of providing nearly 100,000 surgical procedures, thereby helping patients afflicted with chronic neck and back problems quickly and effectively regain their prior lives,” he added.The company had achieved an operational turnaround. However, it was unable to attract the necessary financing to undertake a Chapter 11 process and continue operations.

Headquartered in Tampa, Florida, Laser Spine Institute helped patients find lasting relief from debilitating neck and back pain caused by spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, pinched nerves, bone spurs, bulging/herniated discs, sciatica and other chronic conditions. Laser Spine Institute has been repeatedly recognized for outstanding patient satisfaction and reports an enterprise-wide 98 percent patient satisfaction rate.

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