Markos Linden

GHK-Cu has a variety of roles in the human body, including promoting activation of wound healing, attracting immune cells, having anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, stimulating collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in skin fibroblasts, and promoting blood vessel growth.

Evidence has shown that it acts as a feedback signal generated after tissue injury. It seems to act as a potent protector of tissue, and it is an anti-inflammatory agent that controls the oxidative damage that occurs after tissue injury. Further, it then plays a big role in signaling tissue remodeling, removing damaged/scarred tissue and generating new, healthy tissue.

These positive effects decline with age because the concentration of GHK-Cu in the body decreases.

Here are some key benefits of copper peptide GHK-Cu.

Since GHK-Cu plays an important role in skin biology, it is widely used in cosmetics as a reparative and anti-aging ingredient.

GHK stimulates the synthesis and breakdown of collagen and glycosaminoglycans and modulates the activity of both metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. It stimulates collagen, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and the small proteoglycan decorin. It also restores replicative vitality to fibroblasts after radiation therapy. The molecule attracts immune and endothelial cells to the site of an injury. It accelerates wound healing of the skin, hair follicles, gastrointestinal tract, and boney tissue. In cosmetic products, it has been found to tighten loose skin and improve elasticity, skin density, and firmness, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, reduce photodamage and hyperpigmentation, and increase keratinocyte proliferation.

Copper peptide GHK-Cu is widely used in anti-aging cosmetics (INCI name: Copper tripeptide-1). Several controlled facial studies confirmed the anti-aging, firming and anti-wrinkle activity of copper peptide GHK-Cu. Abdulghani et al. established that facial cream containing GHK-Cu increased collagen in photoaged skin of 20 female volunteers, performing better than vitamin C and retinoic acid. Leyden et al. conducted 12 weeks facial study of GHK-Cu containing face and eye cream, reporting significant improvement of skin laxity, clarity, and appearance, reduced fine lines and the depths of wrinkles, and increased skin density and thickness compared to placebo. GHK-Cu eye cream performed better than vitamin K cream. Finkley et al. conducted a 12-week facial study on 67 women and reported that GHK-Cu cream applied twice daily improved aged skin appearance, increased thickness, reduced wrinkles and strongly stimulated dermal keratinocyte proliferation as determined by histological analysis of biopsies. The same study found copper peptide GHK-Cu to be non-toxic and non-irritating.

Copper peptide GHK-Cu and its analogs were found to strongly stimulate hair growth. The efficiency of the synthetic analog of GHK-Cu was similar to that of 5% minoxidil.

GHK-Cu can promote activation of wound recovery, appeal of immune cells, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory consequences, stimulation of collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in pores and skin fibroblasts and merchandising of blood vessels increase.

GHK is a safe, extensively studied compound that has a wealth of positive and health-promoting effects in many tissues and systems. It has been widely used in anti-aging and cosmetic products in humans for decades without any adverse effects and can be easily incorporated in creams, liposomes, foams or subcutaneous injections.

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Angered by their lack of representation in Parliament, colonists began organizing themselves politically to protest British policies. Many colonists boycotted the Stamp Act and stopped buying British goods. Protests broke out across the colonies, especially in Boston which had enjoyed a sense of self-governing freedom for well over a century. Sometimes colonists even made their own goods so they would not have to buy them from the British and be forced to pay the tax. Similar protests broke out because of the Writs of Assistance that enabled British customs officials to search colonial ships without a warrant. This attempted to hamper the efforts of American smugglers who attempted to circumvent the taxes by illegally importing goods from the Caribbean.

In 1765, the Sons of Liberty was formed in reaction to the passage of the Stamp Act. The group was founded in Boston by Samuel Adams, the cousin of future president John Adams. Acting as the leader of the organization, other key members of the Boston chapter included John Hancock and doctor Benjamin Rush. Membership grew as the British continued to implement their increasingly restrictive policies towards the American colonies. As more and more people joined the group, additional chapters were established in various cities across colonial America. Like Boston, New York City was a prominent area in which the Sons of Liberty had significant influence.

Due to the secretive nature of the organization, not all members of the Sons of Liberty are known. However, thanks to surviving documents showing attendance records of meetings, historians know certain members of the group. Some of these members include:

The Stamp Act was the first British tax passed by Parliament that motivated colonists to act in opposition to the British government. This act infuriated colonists who had to pay an extra tax on paper goods and legal documents. Americans boycotted British goods and continued to smuggle illegal goods into American from places like the Caribbean. Sometimes, the Sons of Liberty, which organized these protests, resorted to even more aggressive measures. Targeting tax collectors was an effective way to demonstrate colonial opposition to the Stamp Act. Tarring and feathering tax collectors was practiced in some places as a means to deter the collection of the tax. Sometimes the homes of these tax collectors were ransacked and the tax collectors themselves faced physical violence at the hands of Sons of Liberty members.

The passage of the Stamp Act also led to one of the first political actions taken against the British by multiple colonies. Suggested by the Massachusetts Assembly, what became known as the Stamp Act Congress was attended by nine colonies in order to determine how to best protest and opposed the Stamp Act. This organization reasserted certain beliefs that were the mission of the Sons of Liberty. These included advocating for the equality of Americans within the British Empire and declaring that it was unjust for Parliament to tax the colonies without giving them representation. Collectively, these demands were referred to as the Declaration of Rights and Grievances.