Vivan Kathuria

Andreea Moyes, Air bp’s global aviation sustainability director, gives the low down on sustainable aviation fuel.

SAF stands for sustainable aviation fuel. It’s produced from sustainable feedstocks and is very similar in its chemistry to traditional fossil jet fuel. Using SAF results in a reduction in carbon emissions compared to the traditional jet fuel it replaces over the lifecycle of the fuel. Some typical feedstocks used are cooking oil and other non-palm waste oils from animals or plants; solid waste from homes and businesses, such as packaging, paper, textiles, and food scraps that would otherwise go to landfill or incineration. Other potential sources include forestry waste, such as waste wood, and energy crops, including fast growing plants and algae. Air bp’s SAF is currently made from used cooking oil and animal waste fat.

Jet fuel packs a lot of energy for its weight and it is this energy density that has really enabled commercial flight. Today, there aren’t any other viable options for transporting groups of people quickly over very long distances, so we’re dependent on this type of fuel in aviation. A return flight between London and San Francisco has a carbon footprint per economy ticket of nearly 1 tonne of CO2e. With the aviation industry expected to double to over 8 billion passengers by 2050, it is essential that we act to reduce aviation’s carbon emissions and SAF is one way in which Air bp is doing that.

SAF gives an impressive reduction of up to 80% in carbon emissions over the lifecycle of the fuel compared to traditional jet fuel it replaces, depending on the sustainable feedstock used, production method and the supply chain to the airport.

When it comes to sourcing SAF Air bp has a portfolio approach. We agree off-take agreements with third-party producers and this security of demand can help these third parties secure investment. Secondly, we invest in third-party production facilities. Air bp’s collaboration with California-based Fulcrum is one example. Air bp entered into a strategic partnership with Fulcrum BioEnergy in 2016 and Fulcrum is building its first plant in Reno, Nevada, which will produce sustainable transport fuel made from household waste. Fulcrum intends to construct additional facilities and will supply Air bp with SAF from several different plants. Thirdly, bp is investing in its own refineries and facilities. One such example is the sale of ISCC plus SAF Air bp announced in July at bp’s Castellon refinery in Spain; and in October 2021 the refinery became the first globally to achieve the ISCC CORSIA certification.

SAF can be blended at up to 50% with traditional jet fuel and all quality tests are completed as per a traditional jet fuel. The blend is then re-certified as Jet A or Jet A-1. It can be handled in the same way as a traditional jet fuel, so no changes are required in the fuelling infrastructure or for an aircraft wanting to use SAF. In 2016, we were the first operator to commence commercial supply of SAF through an existing hydrant fuelling system, at Norway’s Oslo Airport.

Any aircraft certified for using the current specification of jet fuel can use SAF.

To date, Air bp has supplied SAF at over 20 locations across three continents. Air bp’s SAF has been used to fuel many different types of aircraft from small private jets to large passenger aircraft. We have a supply chain established in Sweden, from which we are supplying locations across the region. It was this supply chain that enabled us to fuel Braathens Regional Airlines for its ‘Perfect Flight’ back in May 2019, which combined the latest in aircraft efficiency and the use of SAF to cut lifecycle emissions compared to regular flights on the same route.

SAF is currently more costly than traditional fossil jet fuel. That’s down to a combination of the current availability of sustainable feedstocks and the continuing development of new production technologies. As the technology matures it will become more efficient and so the expectation is that it will become less costly for customers. We are seeing increased uptake of SAF as our customers and their passengers increasingly recognize and value the benefits of the emission reductions.

SAF can drop straight into existing infrastructure and aircraft. It has the potential to provide a lifecycle carbon reduction of up to 80% compared to the traditional jet fuel it replaces. SAF will play a really important role in meeting the aviation industry’s carbon reduction targets, however, we need to use all the options to reduce carbon that we have available. There are several broad opportunities for carbon reduction across the industry such as more efficient aircraft design, smarter operations and the development of future technologies like electrification. In that regard, in 2016 Air bp became the first aviation fuel supplier to be independently certified carbon neutral for into-plane fuelling operations at all its global operated locations.

At the moment, production of SAF is limited as the higher cost for SAF is preventing wider uptake. Air bp is working on helping create more demand in the short-term which will lead to more production and hopefully lower costs in future.

There is real commitment from the industry to reduce carbon emissions, but governments also need to create the right policies to accelerate the growth of SAF. Increasing production requires long-term policy certainty to reduce investment risks, as well as a focus on the research, development and commercialization of improved production technologies and innovative sustainable feedstocks.

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The term Hyperlink will be examined in this article. We'll learn about the different ways you can create hyperlinks, how to use the href attribute to link sections and pages, and how to properly use the hyperlink attribute.

There are different types of links in the web. The source of an image can be "bind" with the src attribute.

There is a link tag with the attribute "link" to the source of the style sheet.

There is a link to the section or page references for anchor tags. A anchor link is also called a hyperlink.

When a user follows a hyperlink, they are on the page. When a user clicks on a hyperlink, they are taken to the new document.

You may want to link to multiple pages within your website or sections on your website.

I will show you three ways to create hyperlinks. The values of the href attribute are determined by these different forms.

Let's look at the shapes now.

This method can be used when creating a page with a table of contents.

You may not want your readers to scroll down to the last section. It would be great if they could click on the table of contents and the browser would take them there.

This type of linking takes the reader to different sections of the document. When we learn about the href attribute, we will be able to create a hyperlink for this use case.

You might have a home page, an about page, a services page, and other pages on your site.

The method helps users navigate.

Some information may be missing from your website and another website may have it. You may want to refer to the other website in such cases.

You need to create an external hyperlink to take the user to the other website.

There are three main ways to link pages. Let's see how the attribute can help.

The attribute is used to reference a document. Link tags and anchor tags are where you can find it.

The anchor tags use the href attribute to create hyperlinks. The hyperlink points to the attribute value.

You can use it like this.

Depending on what you are pointing to, the URL values can be different. Let's see how you can use href.

The element that starts the section will have the value as its id. That means we will have something like this.

The browser scrolls down to the section with the associated id when the "Go to second section" hyperlink is clicked. The URL in the browser's URL bar is changed.

If the old URL was mywebsite.com, the new URL would be mywebsite.com#second-section.

You need to understand what relative URLs and absolute URLs are to use the word "hitch" in this way.

A document can be found on the same website with a relative URL. How do you get to this other place on the same website?

This contrast is with absolute URLs. You don't care about where you are currently, you just give all the information to get somewhere else.

You can use any of these URLs, but they are usually used in relation to each other.

If you are on the home page, you can refer to the About page.

The href attribute can be used to do that:

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