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If someone were to walk off with your shopping bag in a crowded marketplace, would you judge the petty thief less harshly if he or she grabbed your bag by mistake?

The answer to that question may depend on your culture, finds a study led by University of California, Los Angeles, anthropologist Clark Barrett.

The researchers tested the degree to which intentions influence the way people judge the actions of others in societies across the globe. The result? The extent that intentions affect people's moral judgments varied across cultures.

Moral intent hypothesis

According to most philosophical and anthropological research, and according to the law in many societies, intentions affect moral judgments, Barrett told Live Science. Take, for example, the distinction between first- and second-degree murder. The difference has to do not with the actual act itself, but rather with the state of mind of the perpetrator when committing the act, Barrett said. (A first-degree murder is premeditated; a second-degree murder is not.)

More generally, "there are many cases where how harshly you might blame someone for doing something or failing to do something might depend on your judgments about whether they did it on purpose or not," he added.

In fact, the scientific literature suggested that weighing intentions when making moral judgments was a universal human trait, an idea Barrett and colleagues termed "the moral-intent hypothesis." Most of the studies supporting this conjecture, however, took place in Western, industrialized countries. Barrett said he and his colleagues wondered if the hypothesis held true in small-scale societies in other parts of the world.

Intent versus accident

The study involved 322 participants in 10 populations on six continents. These populations included two Western societies, one urban (Los Angeles) and one rural (the Ukrainian village of Storozhnitsa), as well as eight smaller-scale communities from other parts of the world.

To determine how study participants made moral judgments, researchers presented individuals with several stories in which a person, the actor, committed a harmful act of some kind; participants were then asked to rate the "badness" of the action, on a 5-point scale ranging from "very bad" to "very good." The scenarios included theft (of a shopping bag in a marketplace), physical harm (hitting someone), poisoning (a community water supply) and committing a food taboo (eating a culturally frowned-upon food).

Importantly, the scenarios also varied by whether the wrongdoings were accidental or intentional.

"The strong version of the moral-intent hypothesis would be that doing any of those things would be judged more wrong when one does it on purpose than when one does it by accident," Barrett said.

Pardonable or not?

Pooling data from all of the societies studied, the hypothesis held up: Overall, people regarded intentional actions about five times as severely as accidental ones.

However, among the 10 societies, the extent to which intent affected moral judgments varied. In the Western societies, Los Angeles and Storozhnitsa, intent seemed to influence people's moral judgments the most. Whether an act was purposeful or inadvertent mattered much less to participants on the Fijian island of Yasawa, and to the Hadza and the Himba, two populations in Africa, than it did in other populations, Barrett said.

For example, poisoning a water supply "was judged, essentially, maximally bad by the Hadza and the Himba regardless of whether you did it on purpose or by accident," Barrett said.

"People said things like, 'Well, even if you do it by accident, you should not be so careless,'" Barrett added.

In other societies, in contrast, while people still judged the accidental poisoning as bad, they viewed it less harshly than they did the malicious one.

The researchers also examined the way other "mitigating" factors — such as whether the agent acted in self-defense, acted based on misinformation or was insane — might soften participants' moral judgments. Across the board, people viewed acting out of necessity — the example of necessity given was knocking another person down to reach a water bucket to put out a fire — and acting in self-defense as factors that would mitigate a moral judgment. There were also some cross-cultural variations in the factors that people regarded as mitigating: the factors of insanity or acting on mistaken information were seen as mitigating in L.A. and Sorozhnitsa, but not on Yasawa.

"We in the West and people who have been educated in a Western scholarly tradition … think that intentions are quite relevant to moral judgments, so one of the surprises of the paper was that there were more contexts and places than we might have expected when they were less relevant than we thought," Barrett concluded. "That might mean that there are many other examples of moral variation that we have yet to discover."

If you have strong convictions about an idea, use the power of the internet to raise the funds you need. Crowdfunding sites like GoFundMe have become increasingly popular with inventors, entrepreneurs, and the general public in recent years. They’re easy to set up, and if you can communicate your passion in your fundraiser description, you may be able to generate support from people all over the world.

Moreover, you can ask friends and family to contribute to your crowdfunding efforts or borrow from them directly. People you know are often the best and safest way to raise money. Not only will they be more open to your proposal, but they have also likely seen your effort and dedication.

Angel investors provide capital for a business start-up in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity. Many of the biggest tech companies today, like Google and Yahoo, were funded by “angels.” Looking for a way to raise money for a business that already shows signs of growth? Angel investors are a favorable option.

If you don’t want to give up any form of ownership or independence, bootstrapping is likely the best option to raise money for a business. It involves using your own resources. This may mean pulling from your savings or taking out a mortgage on your assets.

Like angel investors, venture capitalists provide capital to start-ups, early-stage, and emerging companies that show high growth potential. The difference is that they generally provide financing that often has higher rates of return instead of taking a share of the company. However, some may take an ownership share of the company.

There are numerous microloan options for those looking for ways to raise money for business growth or expansion. Loans remain a core option for businesses because they usually come with fewer strings attached, shorter payment periods, and in some cases, medium to low-interest rates.

Government programs are a channel worth investigating if you’re asking yourself how to raise funds for business growth. You can turn to the SBA grants programs, but keep in mind that they are highly competitive. Another way of raising money for a business through government assistance is through SBA lending. However, it’s important to note that interest rates are slightly higher than most banks.

If you’re looking for how to raise money for business growth, explore the following options:

Purchase order financing is perfect for businesses that have large product orders coming in regularly but not enough cash to cover the production of products until the payment from the customer comes through. How it works is that a purchase order financing company will pay your supplier the cost to produce the product. When the product is made and shipped to your customer, your business then invoices the customer and receives payment. That payment is then used to pay back the purchase order financing company. While it’s not the most affordable way for a business to borrow money, it is a viable option for those who aren’t able to qualify for cheaper financing to fulfill an order.

Business contests are a great way to get funding because the prize money comes with very few conditions, if any at all. Contests usually encourage creative businesses or social enterprises to take part.

Borrow a page from big names in tech and offer customers the option to pre-order products before they launch or hit the shelves. Not only does this raise the money needed to fulfill these orders, but it also offers companies a way to gauge the demand for their product.

Strategic partners come in many forms, from suppliers to distributors, and even customers. While it may not be direct funding, getting credit from your supply chain can help supplement your budget until your business is in a good place financially.

Business incubators are programs created to provide new businesses access to the resources they require to grow. Incubators benefit businesses more than just financially. They also offer mentorship, network establishment, and relevant entrepreneurship training.

No matter what form of fundraising you do, always make sure you practice due diligence to make sure you are not getting the raw end of the deal. This is especially so with financing, venture capitalists, or angel investors.

Always make sure to do proper bookkeeping, whether you’re a small business or bootstrapping. The first thing financial lenders or investors look at is whether a company’s books are in order.

Refine your value proposition in your business pitch. Donors and investors want to know your impact, and how their money will help you achieve it. Make sure to showcase the things that make your business unique.

Get creative with your fundraising efforts. Like in a business deal negotiation, it’s about much more than simply asking for a check. Likewise, think outside of the box when exploring fundraising options.

Express your passion and get your audience excited, especially when crowdfunding.

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