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Check Digit:

A check digit is a mathematically calculated value that is added to data to ensure that the original data have not been altered. This helps in avoiding transposition and transcription errors.

Example:

Check digit is used by bank to ensure the correctness of bank account numbers assigned to customers, thereby helping to avoid transposition and transcription errors.

For instance, a bank account number is “630000241457”. The last digit is the check digit “7”, and if the other numbers are correct then the check digit calculation must produce 7.

Add the odd number digits: 6+0+0+2+1+5 = 14.

Multiply the result by 3: 14 × 3 = 42.

Add the even number digits: 3+0+0+4+4 = 11.

Add the two results together: 42 + 11 = 53.

To calculate the check digit, take the remainder of (53 / 10), and if not 0, subtract from 10. Therefore, the check digit value is 7.

Parity Bits:

The parity method of error detection is quite simple and simply requires adding an extra bit on the data. This extra bit is called a parity bit. This bit simply says whether the number of 1 bits is odd or even. Generally the parity bit is 1 if the number of 1 bits is odd and 0 if the sum of the 1 bits is even.

This parity is verified by receiving computer to ensure data completeness and data integrity during transmission.

Parity bits are used to check for completeness of data transmissions. A parity check is a hardware control that detects data errors when data are read from one computer to another, from memory or during transmission.

Checksum: Checksums are exactly same as parity but able to identify complex errors also by increasing the complexity of the arithmetic.

Cyclic Redundancy Checksums (CRC)/Redundancy Checksums:

More advanced version of checksums by increasing the complexity of the arithmetic.

Forward Error Control:

Works on same principle as CRC. However FEC also corrects the error. FEC provides the receiver with the ability to correct errors.

Atomicity:

Atomicity is a feature of databases systems where a transaction must be all-or-nothing. That is, the transaction must either fully happen, or not happens at all. The principle of atomicity requires that a transaction be completed in its entirety or not at all. If an error or interruption occurs, all changes made upto that points are backed out.

Point to remember for CISA exam:

(1)When objective is to identify transcription and transposition error, answer should be check digit.

(2)When objective is to ensure accuracy, answer should be check digit.

(3)When objective is to identify transmission error, answer should be parity bits or checksum (higher version of parity bit) or CRC (higher version of checksum).

(4)When objective is to ensure completeness, answer should be parity bits or checksum (higher version of parity bit) or CRC (higher version of checksum).

(5)When objective is to ensure integrity, answer should be parity bits or checksum (higher version of parity bit) or CRC (higher version of checksum).

(6)For point no. (3), (4) and (5), first preferences to be given as follow:

(i)First preference to CRC

(ii)If CRC is not there as option then preference to be given to Checksum

(iii)If CRC and Checksum both are not there in option then preference to be given to Parity Bits.

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Videos can make presentations even more interesting or exciting. If you’re looking to add a video to your Microsoft PowerPoint presentation, it’s easy to do so. We’ll show you how.

In PowerPoint, you can either embed a video or link to a video from your presentation. If you embed a video, your video becomes part of the presentation, which increases the overall size of the presentation file.

If you link to a video, PowerPoint only adds a reference to that video in your presentation. The downside of this method is that you need to send the video file separately if you share your presentation with someone. We have written a guide on how to send PowerPoint presentations with videos, so check that out.

In this guide, we’ll focus on embedding a video in your presentation so you don’t have to worry about sending separate files. And, if you’re looking to add a YouTube video to your presentation, there’s a way to do that, too.

RELATED: How to Embed a YouTube Video in PowerPoint

PowerPoint supports multiple video formats, including ASF, AVI, MP4, M4V, MOV, MPG, MPEG, and WMV. If your video is already in one of these formats, you can quickly add that to your presentation.

If your video is in another format, you can convert it to a supported format and then add it to your presentation.

RELATED: How to Use Handbrake to Convert Any Video File to Any Format

First, make sure the video you want to add to your presentation is saved on your Windows or Mac computer. Then, open your presentation with PowerPoint on your computer.

On the PowerPoint window, in the left sidebar, click the slide in which you want to add a video.

At the top of the PowerPoint window, click the “Insert” tab.

In the “Insert” tab, under the “Media” section (which is to the extreme right side of the interface), click “Video.”

You’ll now see an “Insert Video From” menu. Here, select “This Device.”

Your computer’s standard “open” window will open. In this window, access the folder that has your video file. Then double-click your video file to add it to your presentation.

You’ll see your selected video in your presentation. To resize this video, click it and use the handles around the video to change its size. Then drag the video to place it at its desired location in your slide.

If you’d like to test the video, at the bottom-left corner of the video, click the play icon.

And you’re all set.

Now that you have added a video to your presentation, you might want to change how it plays in your slides. In PowerPoint, you have multiple ways to change your video’s playback.

To access these playback options, first, click your video in your presentation. Then, at the top of the PowerPoint window, click “Playback.”

In the “Playback” tab, under the “Video Options” section, you will find various options to manage your video’s playback.

For example, to change how your video starts to play in your presentation, click the “Start” drop-down menu and select one of these options:

The other options are “Play Full Screen,” which opens your video in full screen, and “Loop Until Stopped” that plays your video over and over again until you manually stop it.

Before you close PowerPoint, make sure you save your presentation so that your embedded video is saved with it. Do this by clicking File > Save in PowerPoint’s menu bar.

And that’s how you make your PowerPoint presentations even more engaging by including videos in them. Exciting!

If you don’t want to add a video but you do want audio, you can add music to your presentations. This also helps enhance your presentation quality.

RELATED: How to Add Music to Your PowerPoint Presentation