Yayan Dongen

Tau Beta Sigma Honorary Band Sorority, (ΤΒΣ, colloquially referred to as TBSigma or TBS) is a co-educational service sorority.

The sorority, headquartered at the historic Stillwater Santa Fe Depot in Stillwater, Oklahoma, numbers over 3,800 active members in 160 active chapters, and over 40,000 alumni. Since 1946, Tau Beta Sigma has been recognized by Kappa Kappa Psi as "an equal affiliated organization with a parallel purpose, function and role in the college and university band setting", and the two organizations hold joint conventions. The two organizations contribute to a national publication called, The Podium. Tau Beta Sigma also administers an alumni association open to members and friends of both organizations.

Tau Beta Sigma was founded at Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University) by Wava Banes (Turner Henry). Due to corporation laws in the state of Texas at the time, however, the Texas Tech sisters surrendered their name, ritual, jewelry, constitution and Alpha chapter designation in January 1946 to the local band sorority at Oklahoma State University. The Alpha chapter of Tau Beta Sigma was installed at OSU on March 26, 1946. This had the additional effect of locating both of the Alpha chapters of Tau Beta Sigma and Kappa Kappa Psi at the same school. The founding members of the Alpha chapter were: Rosemary Wright, Frances Martin, Ebba Jensen, Mary Belle Reece, Margaret Stanffer, Bernice Friend, and Maribeth Crist. Later, on May 4, 1946, the Beta chapter of Tau Beta Sigma was founded at Texas Tech.

The first practical idea for establishing a “band sorority” for college and university bandswomen came about during the spring semester of 1939. Wava Banes, along with two of her classmates (Emily SoRelle and Ruth La Nell Williams), took the idea to director D. O. Wiley of the Texas Technological College Band. The idea, patterned after Kappa Kappa Psi, began to come together the following semester and resulted in the campus organization Tau Beta Sigma. Much like the Fraternity, Tau Beta Sigma's purpose at Tech was to serve as an honorary service and leadership recognition society, but was designed especially to provide the important additional social, educational, and other positive experiences needed by women in the band. The fledgling organization petitioned for recognition as an official campus organization from Dean of Women Mary Doak in spring 1940.

During these initial meetings of 1939–40, the women elected officers and began work on sorority crests and jewelry. The first officers of the organization were: president, Wava Banes; vice-president, Emily SoRelle; secretary, Lillian Horner; treasurer, Nita Furr; reporter, Barbara Griggs; and faculty sponsor, D. O. Wiley. Miss SoRelle provided all of the sketch work on the emblem and shield that were adopted as the official emblems of the sorority. However, two of the founding members, Wava and Emily, graduated at the end of the spring 1940 term. As band enrollment changed due to participation in World War II, the girls of the Tech Bands continued to develop the fledgling organization. By October 1941, TBS had begun communications with the national executive secretary of Kappa Kappa Psi for assistance in becoming a national organization.

In June 1943, the Tech women petitioned the Grand Council of Kappa Kappa Psi to become an auxiliary part of the national fraternity as an active chapter. Accepting the group under these circumstances, however, would have entailed a complete revision of the Kappa Kappa Psi constitution. With World War II in progress, it was unsure as to when the National Chapter would hold their next convention where the issue could be brought to debate. Rather than postponing action on the women's request indefinitely, the women at Texas Tech approached A. Frank Martin, Grand Executive Secretary of Kappa Kappa Psi, in January 1946 to provide assistance in forming their own national organization, just as the National Fraternity had done in 1919. Until a national convention of Kappa Kappa Psi could be held and the matter clarified, Tau Beta Sigma could be considered the “sister organization” of the fraternity. The Grand Council of Kappa Kappa Psi agreed that Tau Beta Sigma could share in all fraternal publications.

Through the assistance of A. Frank Martin, the ritual and national constitution were completed. Likewise, the Balfour Company completed designs for the sorority badge and pledge pin. When applying for a national charter, D. O. Wiley and the girls at Texas Tech again turned to A. Frank Martin and offered to turn over their work and the name Tau Beta Sigma to the women's band sorority at Oklahoma A&M, known as Kappa Psi, to submit the articles of incorporation in Oklahoma. Through this act, the chapter at Oklahoma A&M would become the Alpha chapter. As part of this agreement, the chapter at Texas Tech, Beta, would be known as the founding location of the sorority and the members stipulated that Wava Banes would be known as the founder, the agreement also specified that the 1st national president would be from the Beta chapter.

Similar women's organizations at Colorado University and the University of Oklahoma submitted petitions to join with the Texas Tech and O.A.M.C. chapter prior to the official charter being received. On March 26, 1946, a charter was granted by the Department of State for the State of Oklahoma legally establishing “Tau Beta Sigma, National Honorary Band Sorority,” later amended to “Tau Beta Sigma.” On May 4 of 1946, the members of the Alpha chapter traveled to Lubbock, Texas, to officially install the women of Texas Tech as the Beta chapter of the National Sorority.

Since that time, Tau Beta Sigma has expanded to over 230 campuses across the United States.

In addition to the close relationship with Kappa Kappa Psi, Tau Beta Sigma has historical and current relationships with several other organizations. One such relationship is with Sigma Alpha Iota, an international fraternity for women with a strong interest in music.

In 1999, joint statements were issued by the leadership of Tau Beta Sigma and Sigma Alpha Iota, along with Kappa Kappa Psi and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, affirming "that there are equally important roles for Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Sigma Alpha Iota, Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma to fulfill on any campus where our chapters mutually exist, now or in the future. Each organization possesses a distinct mission and, as a result, fulfills a unique and vital role in the musical environment of a college campus" and that "A member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia or Sigma Alpha Iota can hold simultaneous membership in Kappa Kappa Psi or Tau Beta Sigma, subject to his/her own interests and the eligibility requirements of the other organizations. The same holds true for a member of Kappa Kappa Psi or Tau Beta Sigma with regard to membership in Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia or Sigma Alpha Iota."

Focus on Five

The Focus on Five campaign was first intropuced by 2013-2015 NVPSP Jonathan Markowski in 2014. The program was desgined to promote participation in national progams and has now evolved to also include highlighting important chapter operations, and district initiatives. Every year five simple things related to the National Programs are created that each chapter can do to complete to "earn" parts of the Tau Beta Sigma flag (Stripes and Lyre Piece).

Women in Music Series

The Women In Music Speaker Series enages members of Tau Beta Sigma by allowing the opperntunity to meet and talk with women in the various ascpets of the music profession. This includes women who are professional performers, music therapists, music educators, and more. The program helps to promote women's voices in the music feild by giving them a platform to communicate their experinces. The program was launched in 1997 during the District Convention season. Notable speakers in the recent past include performer Cora Coleman-Dunham, composer Julie Giroux, and assistant director of “The President’s Own” Marine Band, Captain Michelle Rakers.

The National Intercollegiate Band (NIB) is a concert band, sponsored by honorary band fraternity and sorority Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma, that performs every two years at the national convention of the two organizations. Organized in 1947, the NIB is the oldest national intercollegiate band in the United States and is open to all collegiate band members regardless of membership in Kappa Kappa Psi or Tau Beta Sigma.

Since 1953, Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma have commissioned a new work for wind band to be premiered at almost every National Intercollegiate Band concert. This program was begun to add to the wind repertoire under the direction of Grand President Hugh McMillen, and is the longest-running commissioning project in the United States. A number of these commissioned compositions have garnered national acclaim, including Robert Russell Bennett's Symphonic Songs for Band and Karel Husa's Concerto for Trumpet and Wind Orchestra. In the years following the start of the national commissioning program, local chapters have begun to commission new band works themselves, such as Frank Ticheli's An American Elegy, in memory of the Columbine High School massacre.

Originally located on the campus of Oklahoma State University, the National Headquarters of Tau Beta Sigma is housed in Stillwater Station, the retired Stillwater Santa Fe Depot in Stillwater, Oklahoma. The headquarters staff carries out the day-to-day operations of the Sorority.

The headquarters staff includes:

The national officers of Tau Beta Sigma for the 2021-2023 biennium are:

There are currently eight members of the Tau Beta Sigma Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees represents the corporation in all matters and ensures the corporation remains financially sound by directing the finances of the trust.

The current Board of Trustees members for Tau Beta Sigma are:

The current Executive Council members for the Tau Beta Sigma Alumni Association are:

The sorority is divided into three basic levels - national, district, and chapter. The sorority's business is handled hierarchically, so that an issue is handled in chapter meetings, district conventions, and then nationally. There are seven districts divided by geography: Northeast, Southeast, North Central, Midwest, Southwest, Western, and International (a hypothetical district comprising all chapters outside the United States). Each district is led by one or more district counselors, as well as a council of elected student officers by the members of the districts.

District counselors are regional advisors for the sorority. They actively work with each district's student leadership and communicate with chapter sponsors. District counselors are appointed by the national president for two-year terms, and are currently limited to serving three terms.

The districts are as follows:

Notable members of Tau Beta Sigma include:

KVM itself is "just" a Linux device driver and only one part of our virtualization stack. Userspace components such as QEMU and libvirt, and other kernel subsystems such as SELinux, have a major part in making the stack full-featured and secure. This post will explore the userspace side of the KVM virtualization stack, what alternatives exist to QEMU and libvirt, and how our work on QEMU and libvirt may make them suitable for an ever wider range of use cases.

QEMU and libvirt form the backend of the Red Hat userspace virtualization stack: they are used by our KVM-based products and by several applications included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, such as virt-manager, libguestfs and GNOME Boxes.

QEMU and libvirt have complementary tasks. QEMU is the virtual machine monitor (VMM): it provides hardware emulation and a low-level interface to the virtual machine. A QEMU process is a virtual machine on its own: you can terminate it by sending a signal to the process, examine processor consumption using top, and so on.

However, the way we run QEMU is that layered products ask libvirt to do operations on virtual machines such as starting, stopping or migrating them to another host. We actually take this model a step further, in that all software consuming KVM that Red Hat ships must do so through libvirt. The reason is that libvirt is more than just a management interface: the QEMU/libvirt split is also extremely important for security.

Because the QEMU process handles input and commands from the guest, it is exposed to potentially malicious activity. Therefore, it should run in a confined environment, where it only has access to the resources it needs to run the virtual machine. This is the principle of least privilege, which QEMU and libvirt are designed to follow.

Libvirt, on the other hand, is not visible to the guests, so it is the best place to confine QEMU processes; it does not matter if setting up the restricted environment requires high privileges. Libvirt combines many technologies to confine QEMU, ranging from file system ownership and permissions to cgroups and SELinux multi-category security. Together, these technologies seek to ensure that QEMU cannot access resources from other virtual machines.

Figure 1: libvirt and QEMU are built on a variety of Linux subsystems

This usage of libvirt is one of the reasons why Red Hat sometimes assigns lower CVSS scores to vulnerabilities than upstream projects, or even third-parties such as the National Vulnerability Database. Take for instance CVE-2015-3456, a buffer overflow in QEMU that could provide guest-to-host code execution in the QEMU process. The National Vulnerability Database assigns it a score of 7.7 (high), while Red Hat's assigned score was 6.5. This is because escaping QEMU’s restricted environment requires additional privilege escalation exploits. The bug is thus considered less exploitable on a QEMU+libvirt stack.

Even though QEMU and libvirt are the most commonly deployed KVM userspace, they are by no means the only open source projects in this area.

Of the many alternatives that exist, most of them cater to specific niches. For example, one of the first alternative KVM user space options is kvmtool. Launched in 2011 and named lkvm at the time, it was geared towards Linux kernel developers, providing them with an easier way to use virtual machines for their work on Linux. These days it is mostly used to bring up KVM on new architectures.

Another important KVM-based virtual machine monitor is crosvm. Crosvm was developed by Google to run Linux applications inside ChromeOS. The project started in 2017 and is part of a larger support stack called Crostini. This stack also includes a privileged setup daemon, called Concierge, which is tasked with similar duties as libvirt.

Figure 2: crosvm transparently integrates desktop Linux applications into ChromeOS. Screenshot by Zach Reizner, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic License.

One interesting aspect of crosvm is that it is written using the Rust programming language. QEMU and kvmtool, instead, are both written in the venerable C language. Because the virtual machine monitor is potentially exposed to malicious guest activity, Rust's security characteristics are certainly desirable.

For this reason, Amazon also turned to Rust for their work on running AWS Lambda functions inside virtual machines. The virtual machine monitor that Amazon uses for Lambda, called Firecracker, is open source and was forked from crosvm. Firecracker has a very minimal feature set; in fact you will even need a specially-compiled kernel for your virtual machine instead of using one from your favorite distro. Amazon's management stack for Firecracker is not open source, except for a simple sandboxing tool called jailer. This tool takes care of setting up namespaces and seccomp in a suitable way for a Firecracker process.

Amazon engineers also started a project called rust-vmm, a collaboration to develop common libraries for virtualization projects written in Rust. These libraries, or "crates" in Rust parlance, could be used by virtual machine monitors, vhost-user servers, or other specialized KVM use cases. Intel has created one such VMM, called cloud-hypervisor, which could also be considered the rust-vmm reference implementation.

Another user of rust-vmm could be Red Hat's own Enarx project. Launched in May 2019 at Red Hat Summit, Enarx provides a platform abstraction for trusted execution environments (TEEs). Enarx, which is also written in Rust, is not directly a virtualization project. However, it does use KVM on platforms where the hardware virtualization extensions provide a TEE. A notable example is the Secure Encrypted Virtualization feature found on AMD EPYC processors.

I'll finish this roundup with two projects that blur the boundaries between containers and VM, gVisor and Kata Containers. Both of these projects provide an OCI runtime that uses KVM to improve the isolation of containers from the host. Note that this is different from KubeVirt, which powers OpenShift's CNV and lets you manage traditional VMs with the Kubernetes container API.

Similar to Enarx, gVisor (also a Google project) is not a traditional virtual machine monitor. Instead of implementing a hardware interface based on emulated devices, gVisor sets up the guest to trap to the host on system calls. It then validates the parameters and passes them to the host. The additional layer improves isolation over traditional containers, though of course there is a price to pay in performance.

Kata Containers, on the other hand, sets up a virtual machine to "look like a container," for example sharing parts of the host filesystem with the virtual machine, and runs it with QEMU or Firecracker. Firecracker's limited feature set is a bit too limited for Kata Containers, and therefore QEMU is the recommended virtual machine monitor for most uses.

Kata Containers invokes the virtual machine monitor directly―it does not use libvirt, which is why I am including it in this list of QEMU/libvirt alternatives. However, Kata Containers' management of QEMU is not as mature as libvirt's; it runs QEMU as root and lacks support for SELinux. Red Hat is working with Kata developers on these issues and on making Libvirt easier to use for the Kata Containers run-time.

All of these projects can certainly teach a lot of lessons to us QEMU and libvirt developers. In fact, we have already learned some of these lessons the hard way. Kata Containers, and predecessor Clear Containers, forked QEMU twice, first in 2016 and then in 2018, albeit the latest Kata Containers release in July 2019 upgraded QEMU to the upstream 4.0 version.

The main lesson we learned is that perceptions matter. Once enough people believe QEMU to be too big and insecure, writing great software will not be sufficient to convince them otherwise. Instead, you should always tell people about your work, and explain how and why it is great! Kata Containers was able to drop their QEMU forks because we listened to the people in that community, provided them with technical guidance, and offered help merging code and ideas from their forks into upstream QEMU.

The availability of alternative virtual machine monitors also lets us take inspiration from other people's ideas and push the boundaries of QEMU.

For example, we are exploring Firecracker-compatible virtual machines in QEMU. In our experiments, such a virtual machine can boot a Linux kernel in about 100 milliseconds, including the time needed to load and start QEMU. While this virtual hardware would share many of the limitations of Firecracker, it could be run in the secure environment provided by libvirt and many advanced QEMU features would remain available. In particular, exploiting QEMU’s VM snapshotting functionality could speed up boot even further.

Figure 3: Booting a Firecracker-compatible “micro VM” with QEMU

The libvirt project is also going through a process of self-examination, revisiting historical design decisions to reassess their relevance to modern virtualization scenarios. The monolithic libvirtd daemon architecture is being phased out in favour of smaller per-driver daemons and RPC. A proof of concept “embedded” driver mode could even enable QEMU management to function without a daemon.

There is an effort underway to consolidate programming language usage in libvirt. This includes replacing use of shell scripts and rewriting Perl scripts to standardize on Python, and replacing the Autotools-based build system with Meson. Modern systems programming languages like Rust and Go could also replace C for some libvirt modules. This would let developers benefit from their many advantages over C, and potentially open up new ways of consuming libvirt functionality from applications such as KubeVirt or Kata Containers.

KVM provides the kernel infrastructure for a wide range of virtual machine monitors and applications, from classic enterprise virtualization to innovative sandboxing solutions such as gVisor and Enarx.

Red Hat chose QEMU and libvirt as a powerful combination that interacts with KVM to provide a virtualization stack that is secure, effective and fully functional. To this day, in fact, it remains the most feature-rich way to use KVM virtualization. However, the existence of alternatives fosters new ideas and keeps the community on its toes. Knowing what’s going on and exploring these new boundaries is instructive, and even necessary for QEMU and libvirt to remain healthy projects. It is never too late to learn new tricks!

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