Amyra Iyengar

Transferring trade power is a way of pushing trade to nodes in which you have more power (and thus can collect more). Say i control 70% of node A but only ~5-10% of all of the nodes which feed into it (Venice might be a good example of this).

The janitorial industry encounters hazardous waste and other by-products common with cleaning supplies. In order to ensure the safe disposal

CD-RW (Compact Disc-Rewritable) is a digital optical disc storage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RWs) can be written, read, erased, and re-written.

CD-RWs, as opposed to CDs, require specialized readers that have sensitive laser optics. Consequently, CD-RWs cannot be read in many CD readers built prior to the introduction of CD-RW. CD-ROM drives with a "MultiRead" certification are compatible.

CD-RWs must be erased or blanked before reuse. Erasure methods include full blanking where the entire surface of the disc is erased and fast blanking where only metadata areas, such as PMA, TOC and pregap, are cleared. Fast blanking is quicker and usually sufficient to allow rewriting the disc. Full blanking removes all traces of the previous data, and is often used for confidentiality purposes.

CD-RWs can sustain fewer re-writes compared to other storage media (ca. 1,000 compared up to 100,000). Ideal use is for test discs (e.g. for CD authoring), temporary backups, and as a middle-ground between online and offline storage schemes.

Before CD-RW technology, in 1990 a standard for magneto-optical recordable and erasable CDs called CD-MO was introduced and set in the Orange Book, part 1 as a CD with a magneto-optical recording layer. The CD-MO standard allowed for an optional non-erasable zone on the disc that could be read by CD-ROM units.

Data recording (and erasing) was achieved by heating the magneto-optical layer's material (e.g. DyFeCo or less often TbFeCo or GdFeCo) to its Curie point and then using a magnetic field to write the new data, in a manner essentially identical to Sony's MiniDisc and other magneto-optical formats. Reading the discs relied on the Kerr effect a major format flaw. The rewrite could only be read in special drives and was incompatible with non-magneto-optical enabled drives. The format was never released commercially, mostly because of incompatibility with standard CD reading units. Early CD-R media contained a similar compatibility flaw.

Since the CD-MO was otherwise identical to CDs, the format still adopted a spiral-groove recording scheme, rendering the disc poorly suited as a removable medium for repeated, small-scale deletions and recordings. Some magneto-optical drives and media with the same form factor don't have this limitation. Unlike modern CD-RWs, CD-MO allowed for hybrid discs containing both an unmodifiable, pressed section, readable in standard drives, and a writable MO section.

The early introduction and no standards for disc recording software, file systems, and formats, physical incompatibility, coupled with more economical CD-R discs, led to abandoning the format. Other magneto-optical media, unbound by limitations of the typical CD-ROM filesystems, replaced the CD-MO.

Rewritable media can, with suitable hardware, be re-written up to 100 000 times. The CD-RW is based on phase change technology, with a degree of reflection at 15–25%, compared to 40–70% for CD-R discs. The properties of the medium and the write and erase procedure is defined in the Orange Book Part III.

To maintain a precise rotation speed, tracks have a slight superimposed sinusoidal excursion of 0.3 µm at a frequency of 22.05 kHz. In addition a 1 kHz frequency modulation is applied to provide the recorder with an absolute time reference. Groove width is 0.6 μm and pitch of 1.6 μm.

The media for CD-RW has the same layers as CD-R media. The reflective layer is, however, a silver-indium-antimony-tellurium (AgInSbTe) alloy with a polycrystalline structure and reflective properties in its original state. When writing the laser beam uses its maximum power (8-14 mW) to heat the material to 500–700 °C causing material liquefaction. In this state, the alloy loses its polycrystalline structure and reflectivity and assumes an amorphous state. The lost reflectivity serves the same function as bumps on manufactured CDs and the opaque spots on a CD-R are read as a 0. The polycrystalline state of the disc forms the trenches, which are read as 1. The scanning signal when reading is created by strong or weak reflection of the laser beam. To erase the disc, the write beam heats the amorphous regions with low power to about 200 °C. The alloy is not melted, but returns to the polycrystalline state and is again reflective.

During and after a disc authoring the distribution of data on the CD-RW varies. The following areas are present:

Each session on a multi-session disc has a corresponding lead-in, PMA, PA and lead-out. When the session is closed TOC information in the PMA is written into a lead-in area and the PCA and PMA are logically eliminated. The lead-out is created to mark the end of the data in the session.

Like a CD-R, a CD-RW has hardcoded speed specifications which limit recording speeds to fairly restrictive ranges. Unlike a CD-R, a CD-RW has a minimum writing speed under which the discs cannot be recorded, based on the phase change material's heating and cooling time constants and the required laser energy levels. Despite this, some professional audio CD recorders, such as those made by Tascam, use special techniques to bypass these limitations and can record high speed (but not ultra speed) discs in realtime.

Since the CD-RW discs need to be blanked before recording data, writing too slowly or with too low energy on a high speed unblanked disc will cause the phase change layer to cool before blanking is achieved, preventing the data from being written.

Similarly, using inappropriately high amounts of laser energy will cause the material to overheat and be insensitive to the data, a situation typical of slower discs used in a high powered and fast specification drive.

For these reasons, older CD-RW drives that lack appropriate firmware and hardware are not compatible with newer, high-speed CD-RW discs, while newer drives can record to older CD-RW discs, provided their firmware correct speed, delay, and power settings can be appropriately set.

The actual reading speed of CD-RW discs, however, is not directly correlated or bound to speed specification, but depends primarily on the reading drive's capabilities.

Many half-height CD and DVD writers released between 2004 and 2010, including the TSSTcorp SH-M522 combo drive (2004), Pioneer DVR-110D (2005), Hitachi-LG GSA-4167 (2005), TSSTcorp SH-S182/S183 (2006) and SH-S203/TS-H653B (2007) have officially adapted support for CD-RW UltraSpeed Plus (32× Z-CLV), while more recent DVD writers such as the SH-224DB (2013) and Blu-Ray writers such as the LG BE16NU50 (2016) have downgraded the backwards compatibility to CD-RW UltraSpeed (24× Z-CLV).

Slim type optical drives are subject to physical limitations, thus are not able to attain rotation speeds of half-height (desktop) optical drives. They usually support CD-RW writing speeds of 16× or 24× Z-CLV in zones of 10× CLV, 16× CLV, 20× CLV and 24× CLV towards the outer edge, of which the highest speed zone depends on availability.

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The tonsils prevent foreign objects from slipping into the lungs Think of them as goalies for the throat They also filter bacteria and viruses On top of all that, they produce white blood cells and antibodies, according to the Mayo Clinic

Ascot Racecourse is a dual-purpose British racecourse, located in Ascot, Berkshire, England , which is used for thoroughbred horse racing

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Greek astronomy and philosophy has used the geocentric paradigm since its beginnings. In the sixth century B.C. C. Anaximander proposed that the Earth had a cylinder-shaped shape. Human beings could see a hidden fire through the holes in the invisible wheels that circled the Earth. The Pythagoreans believed that the Earth was spherical but not the center of the universe, and that it was in motion around an invisible fire.

The Earth was thought to be a sphere at the center of the universe by most educated Greeks.

The works of Plato and his disciples were written in the fourth century B.C. C.

The Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe according to Plato.

The stars and planets are arranged in circles around the Earth, with the moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and the fixed stars in the middle. Plato describes the universe as the "Spindle of Necessity," guarded by sirens and the three rai.

Eudoxus of Cnidus, who worked with Plato, developed a mathematical explanation of the movement of the planets based on Plato's discourse.

The Eudoxus system was developed by Aristotle. The spherical Earth was at the center of the universe, and all the planets were attached to 47-55 transparent, rotating spheres that surrounded it.

The revolution of bodies around the Earth was created by the moving of these spheres. These were composed of ether. Dark spots and the ability to go through lunar phases were caused by the Moon coming into contact with the Earth area.

He explained his system of explaining the natural tendencies of the elements. The water formed a shell around the Earth's sphere because the system held that the Earth was the heaviest element. The tendency of air and fire was to move away from the center, with fire being lighter than air. The solid spheres of ether were embedded with the ether itself.

TheAdherence to the model was largely due to several important observations.

If the Earth were to move, one should be able to observe the displacement of the fixed stars due to stellar parallax. The shapes of the constellations would change over the course of a year if the Earth moved.

The stars were much further away than the Greeks thought, so stellar parallax was not detected until the 19th century. The Greeks chose simpler explanations.

Any non-geocentric theory that didn't have observable parallax was considered a fatal flaw.

The apparent consistency of Venus's luminosity, which implied that it is usually the same distance from Earth, was used in favor of the paradigm of the time.

The increase in apparent size is caused by the varying distance from Earth, but the loss of light caused by Venus's phases makes up for it. Terrestrial bodies tend to rest as close to the center of the Earth as possible. Despite the chance of falling closer to the center,Terrestrial bodies are not able to move unless forced by an outside object or transformed to a different element.

Atmospheric explanations were used for many phenomena because the Eudoxo-Aristotelian model based on perfectly concentric spheres was not intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance. Eventually, the spheres were perfectly concentric. concentric models were abandoned, since it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal. The later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations over many centuries.

Eudoxus's system of concentric spheres could not account for the change in distance caused by the planets' brightness. The Ptolemaic system was founded in the 2nd century AD by the astronomer Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria. The main book of Greek astronomy was TheAlmagest, which was accepted for more than a millennium as the correct cosmological paradigm by European and Muslim astronomy. It is sometimes considered the same as thegeocentric model because of it's influence.

The Ptolemaic model shows that each planet is moved by two spheres, one of which is centered on the Earth. The planet is in the sphere of the epicycle. The planet moves in the opposite direction when the vas rotates and the epicycle rotates within them. The line between the Earth and the Sun is the reason why Venus and Mercury are always in the sky.

The Ptolemaic spheres from Earth are Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and fixed stars.

The eccentric idea and deferent-and-epicycle model had been used by Greek astronomy for hundreds of years. The center of the vas is not Earth but X, which makes it eccentric.

The system that Ptolemy's day was in was not in agreement with the measurement, even though it had been a considerable improvement over the one that was in use at the time. Sometimes the size of a planet's retrograde spin was larger than it was. He thought of an equant.

The center of the planet's epicycle would appear to be moving at the same speed if one stood at the equant.

The planet was moving at different speeds when the epicycle was in different places. Ptolemy claimed to maintain a uniform, circular motion using an equant, but many people disliked it because they thought it didn't agree with Plato's dictum of "uniform circular motion."

The resulting system was seen as too complicated in the eyes of modernity and required that each planet have an epicycle revolving around a deferent, displaced by a different equant. The system predicted the start and end of retrograde motion fairly well for the time it was developed.

Muslim astronomers generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model, but in the 10th century texts casting doubt on Ptolemy (Shukūk) began to appear. Several Muslim scholars questioned the apparent immobility of the Earth and its centrality within the universe. Some Muslim astronomers believed that the Earth revolved around its axis, such as Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi (circa 1020). According to Al-Biruni, Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al-zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries "that the movement we see is due to the movement of the Earth and not the movement of the sky". The prevalence of this view is confirmed by a 13th century reference which states:

Alhacen critiqued Ptolemy's model in his Doubts about Ptolemy.

Most agree that he was criticizing the details of Ptolemy's model rather than its geography.

In the 12th century, Azarquiel moved away from the ancient Greek idea of ​​uniform circular motions by hypothesizing that the planet Mercury moved in an elliptical orbit, while Alpetragio proposed a planetary model that abandoned the mechanisms of equants. , epicycles, and deferents, although this resulted in a system that was mathematically less exact. Alpetragio also declared the Ptolemaic model to be an imaginary model that was accurate in predicting planetary positions but not actual or physical. The alternative system of him spread through most of Europe.

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149-1209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib, rejected the Aristotelian and Avicenian notion of the centrality of the Earth within the universe, arguing that there are "thousands of of worlds (alpha alfi 'awalim) beyond this world, so that each of those worlds can be bigger and more enormous than this world, as well as have the same of what this world has. He quotes the Qur'anic verse: "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds."

The Maraghe school was criticized for their opposition to Ptolemaic astronomy. The "Maraghe school" was an astronomy tradition that began at the Maraghe observatory and continued with astronomer at the Damascus mosque and the Samarkand observatory.

Maraghe's astronomer tried to solve the problem of the equant by producing alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model, but they did not abandon the idea of being in the middle of a planet. The non-Ptolemaic configurations that eliminated equants and epicycles were more successful than the Ptolemaic system in predicting planetary positions. The most important astronomer was Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi. Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, Ali Qushji, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi were all killed in the 1266 earthquake.

1474), Al-biryandi. 1525 and Shams al-Din al-Khafri.

Ibn al-Shatir, the Damascus astronomer (1304-1375) who worked at the Umayyad Mosque, wrote an important book entitled Kitab Nihayat al-Sul fi Tashih al-Usul (A Final Inquiry into the Correctness of the Planetary Theory). on a theory that is based on much of the Ptolemaic system known at the time.

In his book Ibn al-Shatir, a 14th-century Arab astronomer, E. S. Kennedy wrote: "What is most interesting, however, is that Ibn al-Shatir's lunar theory, except for trivial differences in parameters, is identical to that of Copernicus (1473-1543)». The Earth's rotation was discussed at the Maraghe and Samarkand observatory by Al-Shatir.

The arguments and evidence used by Tusi and Ali Qushji are similar to those used by Copernicus to support the Earth's movement.

There is no documentary evidence to prove that the Maraghe school had a significant influence on the shift to heliocentrism.

No researcher has shown that he was aware of Tusi's work or that of the Maraghe school, so the possibility that he independently developed the Tusi coupling remains open.

The Earth rotates on its axis but remains at the center of the universe, as was believed by Hicetas and Ecfanto. Such a system is still considered to begeocentric.

It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan. The evidence for the theory that Venus and Mercury did not circle the Earth but the Sun was not clear. Mercury and Venus were put in the Sun by a person named Marciano Capella.

Some Greeks did not accept the model. The Earth could be one of several planets circling in a central fire, according to some Pythagoreans.

The most radical was Aristarchus of Samos, he was the first heliocentric. He wrote a book that said the Sun was the center of the universe, while the Earth and other planets were not. His theory was not popular and he only had one follower.

The first serious questioning of the theory was faced by the publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, which claimed that the Earth and the other planets were not rotating around the Sun.

It was maintained because the previous system did not offer better predictions of ephemeris than the current one, and it posed a problem for natural philosophy, as well as for religious education.

The Earth revolves around itself once a day, and once a year it makes a complete turn around the Sun, according to the theory of Copernicus. He said that the Earth was tilted on its axis like a spinning top. The idea of the spheres within which the planets were and the outer sphere where the stars were immobile, which is false today thanks to technology and its advances, were still principles of ancient cosmology.

After analyzing Tycho Brahe's observations, Johannes Kepler built his three laws based on a heliocentric view of the planets.

He was the first astronomer to predict a transit of Venus.

The law of universal gravitation was created in 1687 by IsaacNewton, which allowed scientists to quickly build a heliocentric model for the planets.

The system is powered by the sun. Mercury, the only planet in the solar system that has a precession, can be calculated with precision using the universal law of gravitation. The existence of a planet called Vulcan was thought to be justified by the existence of Mercury's orbit. Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was the first to explain Mercury's perihelion precession.

Astronomers use the framework in many ways. The study of objects outside the solar system is simplified by taking the Earth as the center.

The bond that emerges from the fellowship with them is clear, since they are a fundamental part of our lives. Although they are pets, they are still living beings that fulfill their life cycle in the same way that we do, in the same way that they do. If you're reading this, you're probably worried about what to do if your pet dies, or if you have just lost one. Don't worry, whatever the reason you're reading this, don't worry!

In Ciudad de Mascotas, we will show you how to do the right things in the face of this event.

There are cases in which animals can present various diseases that can cause pain and agony, not only for the animal, but also for its owner. If this is your case, the most important thing is that you can consider, together with your vet hand in hand, give him a break through, a painless procedure that is governed by Law 576 of 2000 in article 19 - paragraph 2 and says:

Euthanasia can be carried out with the will and prior authorization of the person responsible for the animal.

Euthanasia in veterinary medicine is considered to be a therapeutic resource and will be mandatory if it is found to be a sanitary measure. The method must be painless, humanitarian and pharmacologically accepted.

At that time, you should think about their lives and try to alleviate some or all of their suffering.

This would be one of the causes of death where your pet's death can be reported to your vet in a slightly easier way.

The death process will most likely be taken care of by them.

He will give you advice while you decide what to do with your pet's body. It is not easy to decide, but in this case it will have priority, and we know that on many occasions it is not easy to decide.

If, on the other hand, your pet dies at home, and that is precisely what this blog is mainly about, you should know that long ago, and even today, people choose to bury their pets in their backyard, a park ( although it is prohibited), the farm, or simply, they put them in plastic bags or canvas, and throw them in the trash.

Even in some zoos, they worry about what will become of the animals once they die, so there are cemeteries for pets regardless of the species.

The first thing you should do is call or contact your trusted veterinarian, who will tell you the possible options you have to say goodbye to your pet the way you want it.

They will have contact with entities that provide funeral services when they are involved in this branch. You must act quickly since their bodies must be dead for between 4 and 6 hours.

There are some things you can do to speed up the process.

There are some funeral homes for pets in the country. In Bogot, you can find funeral homes for dogs and other animals that are open 24 hours a day, with private cemeteries, collective or individual cremations, burials, and different prices depending on the kilo of your pet's weight. You can find the information on the web or ask for it from your vet.