Dudu Thaxter

You know that old saying: what you dislike about others is what you dislike about yourself. In the heat of a challenging moment, this might be the most annoying thing anyone can say to you. Yet, it's often true.

Projection is an unconscious defense mechanism stemming from the ego. In projection, you take an unacceptable part of yourself, such as your feelings, thoughts, tendencies, and fears, disown it, and place it onto someone else. Projections contain our blind spots. Although almost everyone has engaged in projection at some point in their lives, it's often difficult to know when you're doing it.

Projection can cloud your vision and skew your perception of reality. This makes it hard to see a situation for what it is, and instead, morphs a person or situation into something it is not. When you engage in projection, you become susceptible to self-victimization and blaming other people for something you need to address within yourself.

Projecting is like dumping clutter into someone else’s living room and then hating them for being messy. It's a way to avoid the responsibility of dealing with your own emotional clutter and instead, making it someone else's fault. Projection is often a calling for self-reflection and setting healthy boundaries.

Sometimes we even project our positive qualities onto others, such as aspects of ourselves that we are unconsciously afraid to own. Just like the negative aspects, it can feel difficult to own your positive qualities, but much easier to acknowledge them in others.

While it's important to determine when you're projecting, it's also essential to not take on other people's projections, and not make yourself responsible for someone else's behavior. There will be times when you encounter manipulation, uncontrolled rage, disrespect, abuse, and other boundary violations that say more about the other person than they do about you. In these situations, your response is still your responsibility, whether that includes practicing nonviolent communication, setting a boundary, or removing yourself from the situation.

Read more: Learn about codependency + boundaries and explore strategies for dealing with negative thoughts and anger.

Below, you'll find a three-step process to help you identify and explore potential areas of projection. You can apply this inquiry process to any challenging situation that comes up for you.

STEP 1: Notice if you're exhibiting these symptoms of projection:

STEP 2: Self-honesty.

Ask yourself these questions and write down the answers:

STEP 3: Implement Boundaries and Reclaim Your Power.

This final step includes a somatic process to help you integrate the information you've gathered in the previous steps. This practice will help you to self-regulate, reclaim disowned aspects of yourself, let go of projections you may have taken on, and shift into a more objective, compassionate mindset.

Explore accessible breathing practices, free guided meditation recordings, and communication tools.

Step 1: For each group of data, calculate the mean.

Step 2: Subtract the group mean from each data point that belongs to that group for all data points. Square and sum all these differences to get the SSW.

Step 3: Calculate the grand mean by taking the mean of all data points regardless of group. If all the groups have the same size, then the grand mean is also the mean of the group means.

Step 4: Subtract the grand mean from each data point. Square and sum all these differences to get the SSB.

One-way ANOVA: A technique used to determine whether or not the population means of multiple samples (usually at least 3) are the same. It computes an F-statistic, which compares the variance within the samples and the variance between the samples. This F-statistic is dependent on the SSW and the SSB.

SSW: The SSW is the sum of squared differences between a value and its sample mean for all values.

SSB: The SSB is the sum of squared differences between a value and the grand mean, the mean of all values regardless of sample, for all values.

Let's use these steps and definitions to calculate the SSW and SSB for two different sets of data.

A botanist wants to determine how soil salinity affects plant growth. He conducts an experiment by growing the same species of plant in three different concentrations of salt for a month and measures each plant's height in inches. His results can be seen in the table below:

Calculate the SSW and SSB for this data.

Step 1: For each grouping of data, calculate the mean.

For the 5% group:

$$\bar{x}_{5\%} = \frac{8+7+5+10+6}{5} = 7.2 $$

For the 10% group:

$$\bar{x}_{10\%} = \frac{5+4+4+5+6}{5} = 4.8 $$

For the 15% group:

$$\bar{x}_{15\%} = \frac{2+4+7+2+3}{5} = 3.6 $$

Step 2: Subtract the group mean from each data point that belongs to that group for all groups. Square and sum all these differences to get the SSW.

{eq}SSW = (8 - 7.2)^2 +(7 - 7.2)^2+(5 - 7.2)^2+(10 - 7.2)^2+(6 - 7.2)^2+(5 - 4.8)^2+(4 - 4.8)^2+(4 - 4.8)^2\\+(5 - 4.8)^2+(6 - 4.8)^2+(2 - 3.6)^2+(4 - 3.6)^2+(7 - 3.6)^2+(2 - 3.6)^2+(3 - 3.6)^2 = 34.8 {/eq}

Step 3: Calculate the grand mean by taking the mean of all data points regardless of group. Since all the groups have the same size, we can take the mean of the group means.

$$\mu = \frac{7.2+4.8+3.6}{3} = 5.2 $$

Step 4: Subtract the grand mean from each data point. Square and sum all these differences to get the SSB.

{eq}SSB = (8 - 5.2)^2 +(7 - 5.2)^2+(5 - 5.2)^2+(10 - 5.2)^2+(6 - 5.2)^2+(5 - 5.2)^2+(4 - 5.2)^2+(4 - 5.2)^2\\+(5 - 5.2)^2+(6 - 5.2)^2+(2 - 5.2)^2+(4 - 5.2)^2+(7 - 5.2)^2+(2 - 5.2)^2+(3 - 5.2)^2 = 68.4 {/eq}

In conclusion, the SSW for this data set is 34.8 and the SSB is 68.4.

A psychologist wants to determine how well people can recall a series of numbers based on the time they are given to look at the numbers. She splits 9 people into 3 groups of 3 and each group is given 1 minute, 3 minutes, or 5 minutes to remember a series of 10 numbers. She records how many correct numbers each person in each group recalled and her data is below:

Calculate the SSW and SSB for this data.

Step 1: For each grouping of data, calculate the mean.

For the 1 minute group:

$$\bar{x}_{1 minute} = \frac{6+4+4}{3} \approx 4.67 $$

For the 3 minute group:

$$\bar{x}_{3 minutes} = \frac{7+6+8}{3} = 7 $$

For the 5 minute group:

$$\bar{x}_{5 minutes} = \frac{9+10+8}{3} = 9 $$

Step 2: Subtract the group mean from each data point that belongs to that group for all groups. Square and sum all these differences to get the SSW.

{eq}SSW = (6 - 4.67)^2 +(4 - 4.67)^2+(4 - 4.67)^2+(7 - 7)^2+(6 - 7)^2+(8 - 7)^2+(9 - 9)^2+(10 - 9)^2\\+(8 - 9)^2 = 6.6667 {/eq}

Step 3: Calculate the grand mean by taking the mean of all data points regardless of group. Since all the groups have the same size, we can take the mean of the group means.

$$\mu = \frac{4.67+7+9}{3} = 6.89 $$

Step 4: Subtract the grand mean from each data point. Square and sum all these differences to get the SSB.

{eq}SSB = (6 - 6.89)^2 +(4 - 6.89)^2+(4 - 6.89)^2+(7 - 6.89)^2+(6 - 6.89)^2+(8 - 6.89)^2+(9 - 6.89)^2+(10 - 6.89)^2\\+(8 - 6.89)^2= 34.8889 {/eq}

How are QGIS release names selected? How to cite QGIS ? I created a map with QGIS, do I have to mention QGIS? Can I open ECW files with QGIS?

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The different types of hyperlink in excel all have the same parts

The location and description are part of the hyperlink. The location of a hyperlink defines the access path to a document, a section of the same document, or a Web page. The description is the text on the screen that the user will click to go to.

In the following image, you can see a hyperlink that says "visit microsoft" and its location is the Microsoft Web page.

We know how hyperlinks are formed, so let's look at the Hyperlink command in excel.

The first step in creating hyperlinks in excel is to open the insert hyperlink dialog, and we can do that in two different ways. The first option is to click on the cell where the hyperlink will be inserted and then choose the Hyperlink menu option.

The second option that we have to open is to use the command on the Insert tab in the Links group.

We can choose any of the different types of hyperlinks that are mentioned in the Insert Hyperlink dialog.

The Spanish version of excel has a keyboard shortcut called Ctrl + Alt + K. You must use the key combination if you have excel installed in English.

To create a hyperlink that opens an existing file, you need to open the Insert Hyperlink dialog box and select the Existing file or web page option.

The files in the current folder can be seen in the central panel.

You can use the Search in option to find the file you want, by choosing the different devices connected to your computer. If you know the exact path to the file, you can change the address, but I don't recommend it.

The Bookmark button will allow you to choose a place within a document, but only if the document can be opened in the Microsoft Office suite. The Bookmark button will allow you to choose the sheet you want to open after you have selected an excel spreadsheet.

If your book has a defined name you can select it from the list, or you can indicate a reference to the specific cell you want to display. I have changed the Text option to make it appear inside the cell when creating a hyperlink, with the value "Open Book 2."

To create a hyperlink to one of the recently opened files, you need to press the Recent Files option inside the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, and the central panel will show a list of recent files from which you can choose one.

If you don't want to create a hyperlink to an existing file, you should use the Address box to put the URL of the web page and the Text field for the description of the hyperlink.

In this example, I have created a hyperlink to the main page of excel total and it will be displayed.

One of the types of hyperlinks in excel mentioned at the beginning of the article is the one that allows us to create a link to a specific cell in the sheet, to another sheet in our workbook, or to a previously defined name. To create this type of hyperlink, we need to select the place in the document option.

This type of hyperlink allows us to create a navigation system.

The article: How to create a sheet index in excel is a detailed example of how to create a sheet index.

One of the less frequently used hyperlinks is the one that allows us to create a new document by clicking on it. If I want to make a spreadsheet called Book35.xlsx, I will have to create a hyperlink.

If you want to indicate a different location, just click the Change button and choose a different folder.

Email address hyperlinks are used to make it easier to create a new message.

The hyperlink dialog box will allow us to indicate the subject of the message, as well as the email address.

By clicking on the hyperlink created, the default email editing program on our computer will open, which in most cases will be Microsoft Outlook, and the new message window will be displayed, which will have the email address fields preloaded. email of the recipient and the subject of the message which will be the values ​​specified in the creation of the hyperlink in Excel.

If you want to modify a hyperlink you must right-click on the cell that contains it and choose the Modify hyperlink option. We can change the hyperlink options in the dialog box.

If you want to remove the hyperlink, you must choose the Remove hyperlink menu option. The text in the cell will not be deleted, but the link will.

It is possible to make an object that is associated with a hyperlink. To create this type of links, we must insert the object and then click on it to choose the Hyperlink option, which will allow us to create the desired type of link.

The HYPERLINK function can be used to create hyperlinks in excel.

We will use the HYPERLINK function to create each of the hyperlinks shown in the previous sections.

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