Muraleedharan Shivdasani

At the same time, and arguably because of the lowly Fig Newton, the legendary Nabisco baking company had its roots. Its bakery in Chicago today is the largest bakery in the world, with more than 1,200 workers and producing 320 pounds of snack foods annually.

The recipe for the fig filling was the brainchild of Charles M. Roser, a cookie maker born in Ohio. Roser worked for a bakery in Philadelphia who sold his recipe to the Kennedy Biscuit company. Although rumor has it the cookie was named after the pioneering physicist Isaac Newton, in fact, Kennedy Biscuit named the cookie Newton after the town in Massachusetts. The Boston-based company had a habit of naming their cookies after local towns, and they already had cookies named Beacon Hill, Harvard, and Shrewsbury when the Newton was created.

Roser probably based his recipe on fig rolls, up until then a locally and homemade cookie brought to the U.S. by British immigrants. The cookie is made up of a crumbly pastry with a jammy scoop of fig in the middle. Nabisco's recipes are (obviously) a secret, but modern copies suggest that you start with dried mission figs, and add applesauce and orange juice, and a little orange zest as you process the fruit. More exotic recipes add Medjool dates, currants and crystallized ginger and perhaps a few ground almonds.

The manufacture of Fig Newtons was made possible by the creation of Florida inventor James Henry Mitchell, who revolutionized the packaged cookie business by building an apparatus that could make a hollow cookie crust and fill it with fruit preserves. His machine worked like funnel within a funnel; the inside funnel supplied jam, while the outside funnel pumped out the dough. This produced an endless length of filled cookie, which could then be cut into smaller pieces.

Mitchell also developed a dough-sheeting machine, another that made sugar wafers, and others that helped speed cake production: all of these went into production by the precursors of Nabisco.

At the end of the 19th century, bakeries began to merge, in order to mass produce cookies for a burgeoning middle-class market. In 1889, William Moore of New York bought out eight bakeries to start the New York Biscuit Company (including Kennedy Biscuit), and in 1890, Chicago-based Adolphus Green began the American Biscuit Company, by merging 40 midwestern bakeries.

It was a match made in heaven: Moore and Green merged in 1898, making the National Biscuit Company, or N.B.C. Among the purchases were the machines of Mitchell and Roser's cookie recipe. Mitchell's machine for sugar wafers was also purchased; N.B.C. started mass producing sugar wafers in 1901. Both Mitchell and Roser walked away wealthy.

In 1898, N.B.C. had 114 bakeries and a capital of US $55 million. They built an enormous bakery in downtown New York, what is today the Chelsea Market, and continued to expand it. The chief architect of this project was Adolphus Green, and he insisted on standard recipes for N.B.C.'s products. They continued to make two wildly successful products that the little bakery companies had made: Fig Newtons (they added the Fig to the name when the cookie received good reviews), and Premium Saltines.

A new cookie called Uneeda Biscuit was introduced in 1898—and despite the goofy name N.B.C. even had a copyright infringement case over competitors who called their biscuits Uwanta and Ulika. In 1903, N.B.C. introduced Barnum's Animal Crackers in the famous decorative box resembling a circus cage filled with animals; and in 1912, they introduced both Lorna Doone shortbread cookies and the unstoppable Oreos.

Nabisco began replacing the fig jam in its cookie with raspberries, strawberries, and blueberries, as well as an apple cinnamon flavor by the 1980s. In 2012, they once again dropped the "Fig" from the name because, as the Kraft specialist Gary Osifchin told The New York Times, they wanted to change the core of the brand to fruit. "It was going to be hard for us to advance the Newtons brand with the baggage of the fig."

Adams, Cecil. Who or what are Fig Newton cookies named after? The Straight Dope May 8, 1998.

Klara, Robert. Kicking the Figs out of Fig Newtons. Adweek June 18, 2014

Nabisco Foods Group History. Funding Universe. International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 7. St. James Press, 1993.

Newman, Andrew Adam. Reminders That a Cookie Goes Beyond the Fig. The New York Times, April 30, 2012.

• When you want to add an element to the end of your array, use push() .
• If you need to add an element to the beginning of your array, use unshift() .
• If you want to add an element to a particular location of your array, use splice() .

End it by closing your quote (i.e. typing another apostrophe). Or, if you've changed your mind and you don't want to execute the command any more, ctrl c will get you out of the command and back into the shell. Just CTRL-C and start again, or type in ' ENTER on the next line.

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You can use some of the inbuilt data structures in Python to organize and store a collection of variables.

Some of these data structures include Lists, Sets, Tuples, and Dictionaries. Each of them have their own syntax and features.

In this article, we'll focus on Lists. You'll see some of the features of lists in Python, how to create them, and how to add, access, change, and remove items in a list.

Here are some of the features of a list in Python:

To create a list in Python, we use square brackets ([]). Here's what a list looks like:

Note that lists can have/store different data types. You can either store a particular data type or mix them.

In the next section, you'll see how to add items to a list.

Before we start adding items to the list, let's create it. This will help you understand the syntax in the last section.

In the code above, we created a list called names with four items – Jane, John, Jade, and Joe.

We can use two methods to add items to a list – the append() and insert() method.

Using dot notation, we can attach the append() method to a list to add an item to the list.

The new item to be added will be passed in as a parameter to the append() method.

In the code above, we added "Doe" to list using the append() method: names.append("Doe").

The append() method, seen in the last section, adds an item at the last index of a list.

When adding items to a list using the insert() method, you specify the index where it should be placed.

Here's an example:

In our example, we added "Doe" at the second index. Lists are zero-indexed so the first item is 0, the second item is 1, the third item is 2, and so on.

You can access items in a list using the item's index.

In the example above, we printed the item with index 0: print(names[0]). The item printed out was "Jane" because it is the first item in the list.

Index 0 = JaneIndex 1 = JohnIndex 2 = JadeIndex 3 = Joe

Using negative indexing, we can access items starting from the end of the array. Here's an example:

Index -1 = JoeIndex -2 = JadeIndex -3 = JohnIndex -4 = Jane

To change the value of an item in a list, you have to make reference to the item's index and then assign a new value to it.

Here's an example:

In the code above, we changed the value of the first item from "Jane" to "Doe" using the item's index: names[0] = "Doe".

We can use the following methods to remove an item from a list:

As you can see in the example above, we passed in the item to be removed as a parameter in the remove() method: names.remove("John").

The pop() method removes the last item in the list.

You can also specify a particular item to be removed using its index. Here's an example:

In the code above, we removed the second item using the del keyword by specifying the item's index: del names[1].

If you do not specify any index when using the del keyword, the entire list will be deleted. That is:

Trying to access a list after deleting it like we did above will throw an error your way saying the list is not defined.

If you want to empty a list and still have a reference to it without getting an error, then you can use the clear() method. Here's an example:

The clear() method empties the list. When you try to access the list, you get [] returned because all the items have been "cleared".

In this article, we talked about lists in Python.

We saw some of the features of a list in Python and how to create list.