Bobbi Giordani

An important part of the immune system is its ability to tell between normal cells in the body and those it sees as “foreign” (such as germs and cancer cells). This allows the immune system to attack the foreign cells while leaving normal cells alone.

Part of how the immune system does this is by using “checkpoint” proteins on immune cells. The checkpoints act like switches that need to be turned on (or off) to start an immune response. But cancer cells sometimes find ways to use these checkpoints to avoid being attacked by the immune system.

Medicines known as monoclonal antibodies can be designed to target these checkpoint proteins.  These drugs are called immune checkpoint inhibitors (or just checkpoint inhibitors).

Checkpoint inhibitors don't kill cancer cells directly. They work by helping the immune system to better find and attack the cancer cells, wherever they are in the body.

Medicines that target different checkpoint proteins are now used to treat some types of cancer. All of these drugs are given as an infusion into a vein (IV).

PD-1 is a checkpoint protein on immune cells called T cells. It normally acts as a type of “off switch” that helps keep the T cells from attacking other cells in the body. It does this when it attaches to PD-L1, a protein on some normal (and cancer) cells. When PD-1 binds to PD-L1, it basically tells the T cell to leave the other cell alone. Some cancer cells have large amounts of PD-L1, which helps them hide from an immune attack.

Monoclonal antibodies that target either PD-1 or PD-L1 can block this binding and boost the immune response against cancer cells.

Examples of drugs that target PD-1 include:

Examples of drugs that target PD-L1 include:

Both PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors have been shown to be helpful in treating many different types of cancer.

CTLA-4 is another checkpoint protein on some T cells that acts as a type of “off switch” to help keep the immune system in check.

Ipilimumab (Yervoy) and tremelimumab (Imjuno) are monoclonal antibodies that attach to CTLA-4 and stop it from working. This can help boost the body’s immune response against cancer cells.

These drugs are typically used along with a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor. These combinations can be used to treat several types of cancer.

LAG-3 is a checkpoint protein on some types of immune cells that normally acts as a type of “off switch” to help keep the immune system in check.

Relatlimab is a monoclonal antibody that attaches to LAG-3 and stops it from working. This can help boost the body’s immune response against cancer cells.

This drug is given along with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab (in a combination known as Opdualag). It can be used to treat melanoma of the skin, and it’s being studied for use in several other types of cancer.

Some of the more common side effects of checkpoint inhibitors include:

Other, more serious side effects occur less often:

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The placement of dental implants requires following a whole medical protocol. The operation and the grafting of implants are indeed two acts performed by the dentist, which require precise knowledge of the state of your gums, your nerves, the size of the bones around the treated area, etc. If the composition of the dental implant is always the same, the fixing methods differ according to the disorders observed. Thus, there are two main types of dental implants: Given the complexity of the operation, the placement of an implant must be performed by a competent and qualified professional. However, faced with the prices of dental implants, many French people opt for dental tourism.

That is to say, they will seek treatment abroad to benefit from more advantageous rates. First, he places or grafts implants. Most often, the placement of dental implants takes place under local anesthesia (more rarely under general anesthesia). This then allows the dentist to make the incision at the level of the gum. Then, a titanium implant is inserted into the jawbone.

If necessary, a temporary prosthesis is placed. At this stage, a healing period of approximately 2 to 6 months should be expected. When the dentition is ready, the dentist can place the final prosthesis. In order to know the bone structure, the dental surgeon carries out several preliminary examinations, such as scanners and/or a panoramic X-ray. This is a common operation for dentists and orthodontic professionals, performed on an outpatient basis.

The latter is divided into several stages. In addition, hygiene standards are not always as strict abroad as in France. Selecting a competent and qualified dentist is therefore more difficult.

However, if you choose a low-end practitioner, the results will be worth the price paid for the placement of the dental implant. In addition to displaying unattractive teeth, the risk of complications increases. The implant is therefore made necessary because the root on which the tooth is fixed is dysfunctional. If the root is healthy, only the placement of a crown is recommended. This operation is therefore spread over several weeks, even several months.

Pain may be felt by the patient for several days following each procedure. Generally, your dental surgeon will send you an appropriate treatment to relieve it. That said, if the pain persists, do not hesitate to contact him quickly to avoid any infection. Good to know: if you suffer from another dental pathology, the placement of the implant will not be possible.

Before proceeding with the operation, the dentist can then prescribe preliminary care, such as devitalization or extraction of damaged teeth, caries care, etc. The idea is that you can present healthy teeth in order to optimize the chances of success of the placement of the dental implant. As we have seen previously, the placement of a dental implant is a complex procedure that requires several interventions for a quality result. If you choose to go abroad, you will either have to stay several weeks there, or plan several round trips.

However, even if it is a common operation, the placement of the dental implant may tire you. Staying in a hotel far from home or multiplying your trips does not promote your rest or your healing. First, there is the implant as such, which is the equivalent of a metal screw.

This is then attached to the jawbone and serves as an artificial root. Then, the dentist places a dental prosthesis (a bridge, a crown or a denture) to help you regain beautiful teeth. Between the two, a pillar is also placed to connect the new tooth. Finally, after an operation, follow-up is more than necessary to ensure that everything goes as well as possible. But if the dentist is abroad, it will be difficult to benefit from quality follow-up. The placement of a dental implant consists of fixing an artificial root in the patient's gums, the procedure is particularly complex.

As a result, the price of the dental implant is also very high. This also pushes many French people to seek treatment abroad. So of course, you will pay less abroad than in France. That said, the drawbacks of such a practice are not to be taken lightly. Generally, the placement of an implant follows an accident, trauma or pathology that caused the loss of teeth.

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• Heavy Metal Exposure. Low-pH water can leach heavy metals like arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc.
• Irritates the Gut Lining.
• Erodes Tooth Enamel.
• Weakens the Bones.
• Damages the Plumbing In Your Home.