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A normal MCHC value on a CBC is typically between 32 to 36 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or 320 to 360 grams per liter (g/L). A higher or lower than normal MCHC value may indicate that you have a type of anemia, which means you have a low red blood cell count, but your healthcare provider may order more diagnostic tests to be sure.

Learn about MCHC, including its importance and what may cause a high or low MCHC value.

MCHC is a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Since hemoglobin is the molecule to which oxygen attaches, MCHC is a measure of the average oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells circulating in the body.

The MCHC is done as part of a CBC, so the test is done any time a CBC is ordered. For example, this may include routine health screenings or during the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of a wide range of medical conditions.

A healthcare provider may specifically look at MCHC results:

While the MCHC value is helpful in diagnosing anemia, it is also used along with the red blood cell count and other red blood cell indices such as mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW) to help diagnose other health issues.

MCHC is calculated by multiplying the hemoglobin level times 10 and then dividing by the hematocrit level, which is the volume percentage of red blood cells in your blood. The number is recorded in grams per liter.

MCHC may also be calculated by dividing the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (i.e., the average mass of hemoglobin in each red blood cell) by the MCV, the average size of the red blood cells:

A low MCHC (hypochromia) may mean that there is a lower concentration of hemoglobin within a given volume of red blood cells, and, hence, a reduced capacity to carry oxygen to the body's tissues.

A high MCHC (hyperchromia) can mean that there is a higher hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells than usual.

Know, however, that your MCHC value may be normal with many types of anemia (normochromic anemias), such as:

Possible causes of low MCHC include:

A low MCHC without anemia is associated with poor outcomes for people in intensive care. It may also indicate iron deficiency before anemia develops.

There can be various reasons for a high MCHC. For instance, MCHC may be falsely increased due to cold agglutinin disease (CAD), a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks red blood cells.

Potential causes of a high MCHC with anemia include:

The MCHC is calculated from hemoglobin and hematocrit, so anything that interferes with these numbers will make the MCHC inaccurate.

For example, your MCHC reading after a blood transfusion may not accurately reflect the concentration in your red blood cells alone. This is because blood drawn after a blood transfusion will be a mixture of donated cells plus a person's normal red blood cells.

Other limitations that can affect the accuracy of your MCHC reading include:

Combined Anemia

If a person has two different types of anemia that lead to different MCHC levels, the reading won't be as helpful in diagnosing the type of anemia. For example, the MCHC may be normal if a person has a combination of iron-deficiency anemia (which causes a low MCHC) and spherocytosis, a condition that causes red blood cells to be sphere-shaped (which tends to cause a high MCHC).

Conditions Making Hemoglobin or Hematocrit Inaccurate

Health conditions that affect hemoglobin or hematocrit levels can give a false MCHC result.

For example, hyperlipidemia (an increased level of cholesterol or triglycerides), hyperbilirubinemia (elevated bilirubin levels in the blood, as with liver disease), and autoagglutination (the clumping of red blood cells) will cause the hematocrit level to be falsely high, and the hemoglobin levels to be falsely low.

With hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), free hemoglobin in the plasma leftover from the broken red blood cells will also cause an abnormal result—meaning the MCHC will be falsely increased.

You likely have gotten your MCHC checked without even realizing it, since it's part of routine blood work.

Here's a walk-through of how a sample of blood is drawn for testing.

There are no dietary or activity restrictions before having a CBC. It is important to bring your insurance card to your appointment and ensure your healthcare provider has access to prior CBCs you have had for comparison.

The test can be conducted in many hospitals and clinics. Prior to drawing your blood, a lab technician will cleanse the area (usually a vein in the arm) with an antiseptic, and a tourniquet is applied to visualize the vein better. If you have a chemotherapy port, blood can be drawn directly from the port.

The technician will then insert the needle into a vein. You may feel a sharp poke when the needle enters and some pressure as it remains in place. Some people may feel lightheaded or faint with the needle stick. Make sure to let the technician know if you are feeling lightheaded.

After obtaining the sample, the technician will remove the needle and ask you to hold pressure over the site. When the bleeding has stopped, a bandage or gauze will be applied to your arm to keep the area clean and to reduce the chance of further bleeding.

When the test is done, you will be able to return home and resume your regular activities. Potential side effects include:

In addition to MCHC, a CBC provides a good amount of information about the body's cells, including the total number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as the previously mentioned red blood cell indices:

Other tests may be done to further clarify information found on the CBC and help diagnose a specific type of anemia. These tests include:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is a value seen on a complete blood count (CBC), which includes information about the total number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other red blood cell indices.

A normal MCHC value is typically in the range between 32 g/dL to 36 g/dL (320 g/L to 360 g/L). A higher or lower than normal MCHC may indicate a type of anemia.

The MCHC test is most meaningful when combined with other results on a CBC and can be helpful in discovering causes of anemia as well as predicting prognosis in those without anemia.

When using these results, however, it is very important to be aware of the limitations as well as the potential for error. It is best to consider any findings only after they are repeated and supported by other tests.

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Through this article we will teach you how to Install Gnome 41 in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using PPA. GNOME 41 is the product of 6 months of work by the GNOME Project. It includes a number of significant improvements and new features, as well as a large collection of smaller improvements. The most notable changes in this version include an improved software app, new multitasking settings, and improved power management features. With these changes, GNOME is smarter, more flexible, and offers a richer and more engaging experience than ever before.

GNOME 41 introduces many changes through visual changes, new applications, and revamped back-end changes to improve performance. Overall, it’s a solid update to GNOME 40 with the introduction of a new remote desktop client called Connections, new mobile settings, improved multitasking, improved user interface, and back-end performance, among many other additions. The tutorial is designed to update your Ubuntu system to the latest version of GNOME 41 using an untrusted PPA. The PPA to be installed is known and really safe from malicious attacks. However, it does not mean that it is safe to use without unstable updates damaging your system.

GNOME in Linux / Unix desktop offers an improved calendar application, “Connections” for remote connections to other computers, and improvements to the Nautilus file manager. Also, the developers promise more power with various performance improvements. GNOME 40 includes a redesigned Activity Overview with horizontally arranged workspaces and a dash at the bottom of the screen, updates for GNOME applications, and much more that you can read about here. Ubuntu 21.04, which was recently released, continues to use GNOME 3.38, unless you use something like the mentioned PPA. Desktop Icons extension won’t work after upgrading to GNOME 41 on Ubuntu 20.04. Below we have mention the steps to Install Gnome 41 in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using PPA

Currently, as of this writing, Gnome 41 is not available through the Ubuntu 20.04 LTS base repository. So here we are using an unofficial third party PPA repository. Well, it will be safe to use, however if you are using Ubuntu Focal fossa for production purposes it is recommended that you do not use it.

If you are using a command line server, you may need to install the “common software properties” package which will allow us to add a PPA repository.

Then add the unofficial PPA repository available at launchpad.net to provide the necessary packages to install the Gnome 41 desktop environment on Ubuntu. It is not just one repository, but three repositories that we need to add to get all the dependencies we need.

To fix some gnome-shell dependency issues, we first need to add this PPA x11 repository provided by Devcom.

When updating Gnome, we still need some dependencies offered by the Gnome version 40 repository.

Finally, add the PPA we needed to get the latest version 41 in the Gnome graphical desktop environment.

To allow the system to update the repository cache and identify the packages available through the newly added packages. Run the system update command once.

Finally, we have prepared and configured everything we need to configure the latest version of Gnome available, that is, 41 on our Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. It is time to use APT Package Manager to download all the necessary packages and configure them.

To finish the Gnome 41 installation, after running the above command to update Gnome Shell and configure other necessary things; run the system update command.

After the update process is complete, reboot your system to properly apply the changes.

The installation is complete, you will now have the Gnome 40 ready to use on your Linux Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.

To check the version, you can easily use the GUI. Go to Settings and in the Enabled section, you will have the Gnome version and other details.

Well, to get more updates to fix bugs or additional functions, user just needs to run update and update command on their system.