Marsh Marritz

Having high blood pressure (a.k.a. hypertension) is a serious health risk—it boosts the likelihood for major health scares like heart attack and stroke, as well as aneurysms, cognitive decline, and kidney failure. What’s more, high blood pressure—which is any reading above 130/80 mmHg—was a primary or contributing cause of death for nearly 670,000 people in 2020, per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC also says only 24% of people with high blood pressure have it under control. So you might be wondering how to lower blood pressure. While it’s important to take any prescribed medication (and there is no shame in that!), there are actually ways to lower blood pressure naturally.

If your own numbers are climbing, you might consider making some lifestyle tweaks. Below, experts share their best tips for doing just that.

Try these ways to lower your blood pressure—no pills necessary.

Regular exercise, even as simple as walking, seems to be just as effective at lowering blood pressure as commonly used BP drugs, according to a 2018 meta-analysis of hundreds of studies. Exercise strengthens the heart, meaning it doesn’t have to work as hard to pump blood. Brandie D. Williams, M.D., a cardiologist at Texas Health Stephenville and Texas Health Physicians Group, recommends shooting for 30 minutes of cardio on most days. Over time, you can keep challenging your ticker by increasing speed, upping distance, or adding weights.

Our bodies react to stress by releasing hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones can raise your heart rate and constrict blood vessels, causing your blood pressure to spike. But breathing exercises and practices like meditation, yoga, and tai chi can help keep stress hormones—and your blood pressure—in check, Dr. Williams says. Start with five minutes of calming breathing or mindfulness in the morning and five minutes at night, then build up from there.

Although not everyone’s blood pressure is particularly salt-sensitive, everyone could benefit from cutting back, says Eva Obarzanek, Ph.D., research nutritionist at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends aiming for 1,500 milligrams (mg) of sodium in a day, and certainly no more than 2,300 mg (about a teaspoon). Obarzanek suggests treading with caution around packaged and processed foods, including secret salt bombs like bread, pizza, poultry, soup, and sandwiches.

Getting 2,000 to 4,000 mg of potassium a day can help lower blood pressure, says Linda Van Horn, Ph.D., R.D., a professor of preventive medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Why? Because the nutrient encourages the kidneys to excrete more sodium through urination. We all know about the potassium in bananas, but foods like potatoes, spinach, and beans actually pack more potassium than the fruit. Tomatoes, avocados, edamame, watermelon, and dried fruits are other great sources.

Alongside the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is consistently ranked as one of the absolute healthiest eating plans—and it was developed specifically to lower blood pressure without medication. The diet emphasizes veggies, fruits, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy, capping daily sodium intake at 2,300 mg, with an ideal limit at that all-important 1,500 mg. Research shows DASH can reduce BP in just four weeks and even aid weight loss.

The sweet is rich in flavanols, which relax blood vessels and boost blood flow, and research suggests that regular dark chocolate consumption could lower your blood pressure. Experts haven’t determined an ideal percentage of cocoa, says Vivian Mo, M.D., clinical associate professor of medicine at the University of Southern California, but the higher you go, the more benefits you’ll get. Chocolate can’t be your main strategy for managing blood pressure, Mo says—but when you’re craving a treat, it’s a healthy choice.

Too much booze is known to raise blood pressure—but having just a little bit could do the opposite. Light-to-moderate drinking (one drink or fewer per day) is associated with a lower risk for hypertension in women, per a study following nearly 30,000 women. One drink means 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of spirits. “High levels of alcohol are clearly detrimental,” Obarzanek says, “but moderate alcohol is protective of the heart. If you are going to drink, drink moderately.”

A 2016 meta-analysis of 34 studies revealed that the amount of caffeine in one or two cups of coffee raises both systolic and diastolic blood pressure for up to three hours, tightening blood vessels and magnifying the effects of stress. “When you’re under stress, your heart starts pumping a lot more blood, boosting blood pressure,” says James Lane, Ph.D., a Duke University researcher who studies caffeine and cardiovascular health. “And caffeine exaggerates that effect.” Decaf has the same flavor without the side effects.

It turns out that lowering high blood pressure is as easy as one, two, tea. Adults with mildly high blood pressure who sipped three cups of naturally caffeine-free hibiscus tea daily lowered their systolic BP by seven points in six weeks, a 2009 study reported. And a 2014 meta-analysis found that consuming both caffeinated and decaf green tea is associated with significantly lowering BP over time. Tea’s polyphenols and phytochemicals (nutrients found only in fruits and veggies) could be behind its benefits.

Putting in more than 40 hours per week at the office raises your risk of hypertension by 17%, according to a study of more than 24,000 California residents. Working overtime takes away time for exercise and healthy cooking, says Haiou Yang, Ph.D., the study’s lead researcher. Not everyone can clock out early, but if you work a 9 to 5, try to log off at a decent hour so you can work out, cook, and relax. (To get in this habit, set an end-of-day reminder on your work computer and peace out as soon as you can.)

In the age of working from home, it’s easier than ever to accidentally sit at your desk all day. Study after study after study has shown that interrupting prolonged sitting time at work can reduce hypertension, working in tandem with other practices like exercising, eating well, and getting enough sleep. Simply get up for a bit every 20 to 30 minutes, and at least every hour—even non-exercise activities like standing and light walking really can lower BP over time, especially if you start to sit less and less.

The right tunes (and a few deep breaths) can help bring your blood pressure down, according to research out of Italy. Researchers asked 29 adults who were already taking BP medication to listen to soothing classical, Celtic, or Indian music for 30 minutes daily while breathing slowly. When they followed up with the subjects six months later, their blood pressure had dropped significantly. Louder, faster music probably won’t do the trick, but there’s no harm in blissing out to an ambient track or two.

A 2020 meta-analysis of over 2,000 patients found that eating fermented foods packed with probiotics—specifically supplements made from fermented milk—was associated with a moderate reduction in blood pressure in the short term. The culprit could be the bacteria living in these foods, which might produce certain chemicals that lower hypertension when they reach the blood. Other fermented foods, including kimchi, kombucha, and sauerkraut, haven’t been studied in the same way, but they probably can’t hurt.

Loud, incessant snoring is a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a disorder that causes brief but dangerous breathing interruptions. Up to half of sleep apnea patients also live with hypertension, possibly due to high levels of aldosterone, a hormone that can boost blood pressure. Fixing sleep apnea could be helpful for improving BP, says Robert Greenfield, M.D., medical director of Non-Invasive Cardiology & Cardiac Rehabilitation at MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute.

Replacing refined carbohydrates (like white flour and sweets) with foods high in soy or milk protein (like tofu and low-fat dairy) can bring down systolic blood pressure in those with hypertension, findings suggest. “Some patients get inflammation from refined carbohydrates,” says Matthew J. Budoff, M.D., F.A.C.C., professor of medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine and director of cardiac CT at the Division of Cardiology at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, “which will increase blood pressure.”

This may be easier said than done, but it can make a big difference in your blood pressure, says Nicole Weinberg M.D., a cardiologist at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, Calif. “If the heart is pumping against a smaller network of blood vessels through a body, it’s going to be working less hard,” she explains. “We don’t want the heart to be working very hard—we want it to work efficiently.”

According to the Mayo Clinic, as a whole, men are at higher risk for hypertension if their waist circumference is greater than 40 inches, and women are at greater risk if their waist measurement is greater than 35 inches.

Doing this alone won’t lower your blood pressure, but it can help you get a good sense of where you’re at on a regular basis. “When you’re in the doctor’s office, it’s a snapshot,” Dr. Weinberg says. “It may not be accurate and a true representation of you.”

Some patients even have elevated blood pressure when they come into the doctor’s office (a phenomenon known as “white coat hypertension”) and actually may not have high blood pressure otherwise, she points out. “Some patients’ blood pressure is up all the time and, when they come into the office, it’s normal,” Dr. Weinberg says. Knowing where you stand—and sharing those numbers with your doctor—can help you work together to find the best treatment plan for you.

It’s possible to do everything right and still have elevated blood pressure. When that happens, Dr. Weinberg says she’ll usually recommend starting medication. “Sometimes, medication is necessary,” she says. Keep in mind, though, that going on medication for high blood pressure doesn’t mean you’ll be on it forever. “We can always dial back later if we need to,” she adds.

Your blood pressure is the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries, according to the CDC. Your arteries carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body.

It’s normal for your blood pressure to rise and fall during the day. But, if it stays elevated, it’s considered high blood pressure.

Your blood pressure is measured two ways:

When you get a blood pressure reading, the systolic blood pressure number is on top, and the diastolic blood pressure number is on the bottom.

The American College of Cardiology and the AHA define high blood pressure as a reading at or above 130/80 mmHg. Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg, while elevated blood pressure is considered 120-129/less than 80 mmHg.

High blood pressure is usually managed with a combination of medication and lifestyle treatments, says Dr. Weinberg, although she typically recommends that patients try lifestyle modifications first.

While there are medications that can help do things like relax your blood vessels, make your heart beat with less force, and block nerve activity that can restrict your blood vessels, Dr. Weinberg says that there’s “really no substitute” for healthy lifestyle factors like eating well and exercising. And although medication can lower blood pressure, it may cause side effects such as leg cramps, dizziness, and insomnia.

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A field of study that combines computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics is called neuroscience. The research has focused on these questions because of the abundance of data on our computers and the web.

It's difficult for a computer to understand human language because of its many ambiguities. It is necessary to have knowledge of reality and the surrounding world in order to understand a certain speech. It's not enough to know the meaning of a single word, it's also not enough to know the meaning of a sentence.

The mechanisms that allow people to understand the content of human communication and the development of tools that can provide computer systems with the ability to understand and process natural language have been the focus of research.

Richard Bandler, John Grinder, and Frank Pucelik believed that it was possible to identify the thought and behavior patterns of successful people and teach them to others. It is a pseudoscientific approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy that was created in the United States in the 1970s.

The father of Gestalt therapy was the model of the first iteration of the technique. When they began the project that led to the birth of NLP, Grinder was an assistant professor of linguistics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Bandler was an undergraduate student. Bandler approached Grinder to help him build a model of his intuitive abilities. Bandler's skill with therapy was not functioning. He had no explicit model for how he did it.

He couldn't pass on the skills of using the Gestalt to others because he didn't know the quality of the transfer. Bandler had modeled Perls and had acquired the ability to do Gestalt through unconscious adoption of Perls patterns. Bandler was working for a publishing company.

He looked at hours of audio recordings of Perls working on clients, to find the right material to use in his books.

Through the promotion of skills, such as self-reflection, confidence and communication,NLP is used as a method of personal development.

Increased productivity or career progression are some of the work-oriented goals that professionals have applied commercially.

Neuroscience studies how our thoughts affect our behavior. It looks at how our brains interpret signals and how that affects what we do.

The linguistic part of the programming techniques is what does this. By examining how our brains process information, we can see our thoughts, feelings, and emotions as controllable things.

A series of steps are used to overcome the ambiguities of human language. This is a delicate process due to the language itself. The treatment is divided into several phases to minimize the number of errors.

The treatment of a text begins with its decomposition into a series of token spaces. The task is not very difficult, but it does have some problems, for example, if we consider the period as the end of a sentence, we run the risk of making frequent mistakes.

The plane is bound for the US and lands in New York.

Even more accurate results can be achieved with proper rules that manage the structure of abbreviations.

Morphology gives information about the shape and function of words.

The vocabulary is a set of words and phrases. Morphological and lexical analysis involves the consultation of special lists of lemmas and their derivations (lists that can be completed, if necessary, with specific terms related to the domain under study), the resolution of inflectional forms (such as the conjugation for verbs and declension for nouns) and the classification of words according to certain categories (such as noun, pronoun, verb, adjective).

The lexicographic and morphogenetic analyzers can be implemented separately, but often they form a single task. The Penn Treebank Project is the most widely used set of tags and distinguishes 36 parts of speech.

The first difficulties related to ambiguity arise when the task doesn't know how to correctly attribute the appropriate category for certain words.

Some examples

Some words are in the right order, but others are in the wrong order, and therefore do not make sense. Syntactic analysis tries to identify the different parts that give meaning to the sentence and place the words within a sentence. The structure is usually represented as a tree.

This time of a type called local ambiguity, which refers to a part of the sentence, is very difficult to understand. For example:

Sometimes the context can help to resolve the ambiguities, but in the presence of articulated sentences a proliferation of syntactic trees is generated with an increase in complexity.

The next stage consists of the identification of words or groups of words that specify entities belonging to different categories, using Machine Learning rules or statistical approaches.

NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a subtask of IE (Information Extraction), specialized in the search and classification of Named Entities (NE), that is, text portions of documents in natural language that represent real-world entities, such as names of people, places, data, companies, etc. NER is a fundamental subtask of EI because:

Entities can belong to any of the standard categories, which include places, organizations, dates, measurements, addresses, and names of drugs. This is a practical example

A person bought 300 shares of the General GM Organization in 2006

This phase is not excluded from the possibility of being considered a military title or an Organization category entity.

Deep Learning methods are achieving more and more amazing results due to the increasing availability of data.

The meaning of a whole sentence from the meaning of each term that composes it and the relationships between them are what Semantic analysis aims to understand. The meaning of a sentence is not only given by the words, but also by the knowledge of the rules that guide them, the order in which they appear, the links with other terms inside or outside the sentence. The operations make it possible to resolve some cases of global ambiguity, that is, referring to the entire sentence, however present also when the PoS tags return the correct category of a word and the parser constructs the correct structure of the sentence.

There are cases of ambiguity at this stage.

In this phase a set of sentences or an entire discourse is considered, in fact a fundamental but particularly complex task that belongs to this phase is called coreference, it has the task of identifying in the text all the expressions that refer to a given entity among those identified by Named Entity or among the anaphoric references related to them. In the first phase, it identifies the nominal parts of the text by means of named entities, number, gender and syntactic role, then performs a backward consistency check and determines all possible links with them.

There is a task that can be done to solve ellipses, which is sentences that lack certain elements.

Another possible task that is carried out in this phase is pragmatics, that is, a discipline that tends to distinguish between the meaning of the statement and the intention of the speaker; the meaning of the statement is its literal sense, while the intention of the speaker is the concept that he tries to convey.

Natural language comprehension, such as answering questions, and extract information from a text, are some of the things that can be done with discourse analysis.

New approaches have emerged in recent years that integrate neuroscience with Deep Learning, producing results far superior to the past.

The first approaches to Deep Learning were made in the year 2000, but the years of 2013 and 2014 marked the beginning of neural networks being used for NLP

Natural language can be represented numerically by changing each word in a dictionary into a continuous number of real numbers. Neural network architectures are used to learn word embeddeds, which are representations of space.

Word2Vec is one of the most famous models used for learning. Word2Vec embeddings are not conceptually different from those learned with a direct flow neural network; however, the efficiency of the model allows the learning of embeddings from extremely large textual corpora, thus being able to better capture certain relationships between words, such as gender, tense or the relationship between different terms. FastText and GloVe are extensions of the Word2Vec architecture and are based on global statistical information on word occurrences.

Word order is not taken into account by these approaches.

Recurrent Neural Networks are an obvious choice when it comes to dynamic input sequence, but they have been superseded by LSTMs. A LSTM can be used to exploit both the left and right contexts of a word.

With the introduction of the attention mechanism (Attention) in 2015, we arrived in 2018, to develop one of the main innovations in neurolinguistic programming: BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), with its alternative approaches GPT-2, XLNet, XLM, ELMo, RoBERTa, ULMFiT, MultiFit, ALBERT, DistilBERT etc. that is, models with a Context-Aware representation. The approach uses a trained attention mechanism to model language, taking into account the relationship between all the words in a context, and the entire sentence is read immediately and not sequential.

The models represent the state of the art of NLP and exploit the mechanism of transfer learning in programming. Linguistic models don't need annotated data to be able to easily address new languages.

Thanks to the latest innovations, the embeddeds learned from a linguistic model can be used to enrich the input used by another model, in order to achieve a different objective. The linguistic model can be adjusted to perform a task of interest directly, without the need for data.

Machine Learning is the artificial intelligence technique that allows the machine to understand and interact with human beings, if Neuro Linguistic Programming is the process that allows the machine to understand and interact with human beings. It is a broad branch of artificial intelligence. Machine Learning and Deep Learning can be used in learning.

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