Soumik Kriplani

Information about the bus connections between Prague and Špindlerův Mlýn. Schedules and routes. How to buy the tickets online.

UltraSlim is designed to provide body slimming through the use of red light systems. Red light treatment is designed to target the fat cells and forcing the fatty acids and triglycerides to leave the cells and be detoxified from the body.

Online platform Roblox plans to introduce 'safe' voice chat to talk with friends Roblox's avatars. Kid-friendly online gaming platform Roblox said it

MGUS doesn't require treatment. But your doctor is likely to recommend periodic checkups to monitor your health, probably starting six months after your diagnosis.

The Master Scene Format has six main elements: Scene Heading · The Scene Heading. The first formatting element is the scene heading – also

Joliet Correctional Center closed as a holding prison in 2002 Budget cuts and the obsolete and dangerous nature of the buildings were the cited reasons All inmates and most staff were transferred to Stateville Correctional Center

IQOption uses a proprietary type of trading platform. What is the maximum leverage available at IQOption? The maximum leverage offered by IQOption is 1:500 for"Min. Trade: $1"GBPUSD Spread: 5 pips"EURUSD Spread: 14 pips"EURGBP Spread: 15 pips"Trading Platforms · Trading Accounts Offered · Assets At IQ Option · FX Options

Sweetest Day is an informal holiday in celebration of friendship, love, and kindness—and giving candy to loved ones and friends

Nashville Stars Live in Concert is the most powerful tribute show in country music today Nashville Stars Live in Concert has combined the amazing forces of

However, the main reason behind wearing a 'Black Coat' is because black is the colour of authority and power Black represents submission of oneself Just like Priests wear Black to show their submission to God, Lawyers wear black to show their submission to Justice

Alpha particles, a type of natural radioactive particle, are positively particles would pass through the gold foil with only a slight deflection or

Aruba left the Netherlands Antilles in , the country no longer existed. The remaining

Linux (/ˈliːnʊks/ (listen) LEE-nuuks or /ˈlɪnʊks/ LIN-uuks) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.

There are many different distributions and modifications of Linux, including Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Red Hat and SUSE are commercial distributions. The windowing system X11 is included in the desktop Linux distributions.

Graphics may not be included in distributions intended for server. Linux is freely redistributable, so anyone can create a distribution.

Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system. Because of the dominance of the Linux-based Android on smartphones, Linux, including Android, has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems, as of May 2022 . Although Linux is, as of November 2022 , used by only around 2.6 percent of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs the Linux kernel-based ChromeOS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top 1 million web servers' operating systems are Linux), leads other big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and is used on all of the world's 500 fastest supercompters (since November 2017, having gradually displaced all competitors).

Embedded systems have an operating system built into the system that is tailored to it.

This includes routers, automation controls, smart home devices, video game consoles, televisions (Samsung and LG Smart TVs), automobiles (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai and Toyota) , and spacecraft (Falcon 9 rocket, Dragon crew capsule and the Perseverance rover).

Linux is a popular example of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code can be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of their respective licenses, such as the GPL. The Linux kernel is licensed under the GPLv2

The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Labs, in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. It was rewritten in the C programming language in 1973, in a key approach.

The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made it easier to port it to different computer platforms.

AT&T licensed the operating system's source code as a trade secret because of an antitrust case that prevented it from entering the computer business. As a result, Unix became widely adopted by businesses and academic institutions.

In 1984 AT&T was released from its obligation not to enter the computer business, and Bell Labs began selling a proprietary product, where users were not allowed to modify it.

In 1980, Onyx Systems began selling computers. Sun Microsystems began selling desktop workstations based on the Linux operating system in 1982. The first successful attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system was made with the Sun workstations.

The goal of the GNU Project was to create a complete Unix-compatible software system that was free.

The Free Software Foundation was started in 1985 and the GNU GPL was written in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a command-line shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel, called GNU Hurd, were stalled and incomplete.

MINIX was released in 1987 as a minimal operating system for people who wanted to learn operating system principles.

The source code of MINIX was freely available, but the licensing terms prevented it from being free software.

386BSD was developed before Linux, due to legal problems, but NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD followed.

If the 386BSD or the GNUkernel had been available at the time, he probably wouldn't have created Linux.

In the fall of 1990 Torvalds attended the University of Helsinki and took a course that used a MicroVAX mini computer. The textbook included a copy of Tanenbaum's operating system.

This course was where Torvalds first learned about the computer operating system. He was frustrated by the licensing of MINIX, which limited it to educational use only, and he began to work on his own operating system.

Linux applications were written for MINIX and were used in the development of the Linux kernel.

Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems. GNU applications also replaced all MINIX components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system; Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer programs as long as they are also released under the same or a compatible license. The switch from Torvalds' original license to the free and open source GNU GPL was initiated.

"Freax" was a portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x", which is an allusion to the operating system. The name "Freax" was included in some of the project's makefiles during the first half of the year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed it as egotistical.

The files were uploaded to theftp.funet.fi server in September 1991.

Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".

According to a newsgroup post by Torvalds, the word "Linux" should be pronounced (/ˈlɪnʊks/ (listen) LIN-uuks) with a short 'i' as in 'print' and 'u' as in 'put' . To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide (listen (help info)) with the kernel source code. However, in this recording, he pronounces 'Linux' (/ˈlinʊks/ (listen) LEEN-uuks) with a short but close front unrounded vowel.

The adoption of Linux in production environments began in the mid 1990s in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as NASA started to replace their expensive machines with cheaper commodity computers running Linux. When Dell and IBM began offering Linux support, commercial use began.

Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to virtually all supercomputers and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular LAMP application stack. Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing. Linux distributions have also become popular in the netbook market, with many devices shipping with customized Linux distributions installed, and Google releasing their own ChromeOS designed for netbooks.

The mobile device market is Linux's greatest success in the consumer market, withAndroid being the most popular operating system on tablets and Wearables, more recently. Linux gaming is on the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out SteamOS, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution, and later the Steam Deck platform. The federal government of Brazil is one of the countries that have gained popularity with Linux distributions.

Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development. William John Sullivan is the executive director of the Free Software Foundation, which in turn supports the GNU components. Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components.

Third-party components comprise a large amount of work and may include both user applications and libraries.

Linux vendors and communities distribute the Linux distributions with additional package management software.

Many open source developers agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but evolved through natural selection. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew with a lot of mutations – and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than alpha-particles in DNA." Eric S. Raymond considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was carefully designed by small groups, but "Linux evolved in a completely different way.

From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet.Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers. " Bryan Cantrill, an engineer of a competing OS, agrees that "Linux wasn't designed, it evolved", but considers this to be a limitation, proposing that some features , especially those related to security, cannot be evolved into, "this is not a biological system at the end of the day, it's a software system."

A Linux-based system is a modular operating system that is based on the principles of the 1970s and 1980s. A system like this uses a Linux kernel that handles process control, networking, access to peripherals, and file systems. The device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel or added as modules while the system is running.

The userland is a key part of most systems that use the Linux kernel. The Project's implementation of the C library works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development (including the compilers used to build the Linux kernel itself), and the coreutils implement many basic Unix tools.

Bash is a popular CLI shell developed by the project. The graphical user interface used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the X Window System.

Linux systems are supported by many other open-source software projects.

The installed components of a Linux system are listed.

The user interface, also known as the shell, is either a command-line interface, a graphical user interface, or controls attached to the associated hardware.

The default user interface for desktop systems is usually graphical, although the CLI can be found on a separate virtual console.

Text is used for both input and output in the CLI shells. The main shell in Linux is the bourne-again shell. The CLI is used exclusively by most low-level Linux components. The CLI provides very simple inter-process communication and is suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks.

The GUI shells are the most popular user interface on desktop systems, packaged together with extensive desktop environments such as MATE, Cinnamon, LXDE, Pantheon and XFCe. The X Window System is a popular user interface. It provides network transparency and allows a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network. Several X display servers exist, with the reference implementation, X.Org Server, being the most popular.

The command-line interface for developers and administrators might be provided by the server distributions, but a custom interface for end-users might be provided.

This interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not Linux based.

There are several types of window managers for X11.

Window managers can control the placement and appearance of individual application windows and interact with the X Window System. Simpler X window managers such as dwm, ratpoison, i3wm, or herbstluftwm provide a minimalist functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as FVWM, Enlightenment or Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in taskbar and themes, but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments.

Window managers are part of standard installations in desktop environments, but users may choose to use a different window manager if they prefer.

The replacement for the X11 protocol, called Wayland, has received relatively wide adoption. The display server, window manager, and compositing manager are all performed by a composer. Weston is the reference implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and K Win are being used as display server. Enlightenment has been successfully ported since version 19.

The V4L2 and the DVBAPIs are modern kernels- userspaces for handling video input devices.

The infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices due to the complexity and diversity of different devices and the large number of formats and standards handled by the APIs.

A good userspace device library is the key to success for having userspace applications that can work with all formats supported by those devices.

The Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source, which is the main difference between Linux and other popular operating systems. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Some free and open-source software licenses are based on the principle of copyleft, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license is the GNU General Public License (GPL), which is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU Project.

Linux-based distributions are intended to work with other operating systems and established computing standards.

Only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, but other Linux systems adhere to POSIX, SUS, LSB, ISO, and ANSI standards.

Free software projects are often produced by their own people. The basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution is provided by the fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution.

Many Linux distributions have a remote collection of system software and application software packages that can be downloaded and installed through a network connection. Users can change the operating system to meet their needs.

Distributions are maintained by a variety of people. The default configuration of the installed Linux kernels, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages are all done by a distribution. Distributions typically use a package manager to install, remove, and update all of a system's software.

The developer and user communities are the main drivers of a distribution. The Debian distribution is a well-known example of a vendor that develops and funds their distributions on a volunteer basis. Red Hat has a community version of their commercial distributions.

Local Linux User Groups (LUGs) in many cities and regions seek to promote their preferred distribution and extension free software.

They hold meetings and give free demonstrations, training, technical support and operating system installation to new users. Linux users and developers are supported by many Internet communities. Most distributions and free software have news groups. LinuxQuestions.org and the various distribution specific support and community forums, such as ones for Ubuntu, Fedora, and Gentoo, are notable examples of online forums for support.

Mailing lists for Linux distributions are usually related to usage or development.

There are websites with a focus on Linux.

Linux magazines often bundle cover disks that carry software.

Several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software, despite the fact that Linux distributions are generally available without charge. An analysis of the Linux kernel in 2017 showed that well over 85% of the code developed by programmers who are being paid for their work, leaving about 8.2% to unpaid developers and 4.1% unclassified. Some of the major corporations that provide contributions include Intel, Samsung, Google, AMD, Oracle and Facebook. A number of corporations, notably Red Hat, Canonical and SUSE, have built a significant business around Linux distributions.

The relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic, as the free software licenses on which the various software packages of a distribution are based explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization.

Business users are usually charged for support in a common business model. A number of companies offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks

The software could be used to sell hardware. Prior to 7.6, operating systems such as Apple DOS and versions of Mac OS were free to copy. The OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture, making it difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic.

The original development tools used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found within the GNU toolchain. C, C++, Go and Fortran are some of the languages that the GCC provides compilers for.

Many programming languages have cross-platform reference implementation that supports Linux. The open-sourced cross-platform compiler for many languages was released in 2003 by the LLVM project. The Intel C++ Compiler, Sun Studio, and IBM XL C/C++ Compiler are proprietary to Linux.

Terminal programming, QuickBASIC, and Turbo BASIC are supported in the form of QB64, and in the form of Visual Basic.

Linux is a common feature of Unix-like systems and includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages. Linux distributions can be used to make shell scripts.

Many programs have an embedded programming language. Regular expressions are supported in programs like grep and locate, the traditional MTA Sendmail contains its own Turing complete script system, and the advanced text editor GNU Emacs is built around a general purpose Lisp interpreter.

Most distributions have support for Perl, Ruby, Python and other languages. Linux also supports C#, Vala, and Scheme.

The Guile Scheme is an extension language that is designed to make the C programs of the Unix system quickly and dynamically extensible via an elegant, functional high-level scripting system. The original Sun Microsystems JVM and IBM's J2SE RE are two of the Java virtual machines that run on Linux.

The frameworks for developing applications are provided by the popular desktop environments, GNOME and KDE. The projects are based on the GTK and Qt toolkits, which can be used independently of the larger framework. Both support many languages.

There are a number of Integrated development environments available including Anjuta, Code::Blocks, CodeLite, Eclipse, Geany, ActiveState Komodo, KDevelop, Lazarus, MonoDevelop, NetBeans, and Qt Creator, while the long-established editors Vim, nano and Emacs remain popular.

The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of computer architectures, including the hand-held ARM-based iPAQ and the IBM mainframes System z9 or System z10. Specialized distributions and kernel forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the ELKS kernel fork can run on Intel 8086 or Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors, while the µClinux kernel fork may run on systems without a memory management unit. Macintosh computers, video game consoles, portable music players, and mobile phones are just a few of the devices that run on architectures that were only intended to be used by the manufacturer.

There are hardware conferences devoted to improving support for diverse hardware under Linux. Any off-the-shelf purchase of Linux can have a "good chance" of being compatible with different hardware.

A database of all tested hardware configurations was collected in a new initiative.