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Although most patients with ulcerative colitis will not develop colon cancer, patients with ulcerative colitis are at a 2 to 5 fold increased risk of developing colon cancer compared to persons without ulcerative colitis. Researchers believe the increased risk of colon cancer is related to chronic inflammation in the colon. In order to detect colon cancer at an early stage, most patients with ulcerative colitis will need to undergo colonoscopies on a regular interval that is more frequent than for patients without ulcerative colitis. The risk of colon cancer may be even higher in individuals who have a condition of the liver called primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or with family members who have had colon cancer. All patients with ulcerative colitis should discuss the timing and frequency of colonoscopy with their gastroenterologist.

Surgery

Most patients with ulcerative colitis will not require surgery. However, some patients may not respond to medications or have other severe symptoms that require removal of the colon. Removal of the colon is the closest thing to a "cure" for ulcerative colitis because unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis does not affect other parts of the digestive system and should not recur after complete removal of the colon. After removal of the colon, patients may require either an ostomy (bag) or reconstructive surgery, referred to as a "J-pouch" or ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). The choice of these options is between the patient and the surgeon as each option has its' advantages and disadvantages.

Patients with ulcerative colitis may have symptoms in parts of their bodies outside of the digestive system.

Joints

There are forms of arthritis and back pain that are related to ulcerative colitis. Some of these conditions improve with medications for the digestive symptoms of ulcerative colitis. The use of over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin may increase the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Patients with ulcerative colitis should speak with their gastroenterologist before using these medications.

Eyes

Some patients with ulcerative colitis develop inflammation in the eyes, called iritis or uveitis. Iritis may result in redness or eye pain and may fluctuate with the severity of the digestive symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Uveitis may result in severe eye pain and loss of vision. Patients with ulcerative colitis should see an eye doctor on a regular basis and report any changes in their vision to their doctor immediately.

Skin

There are two conditions related to ulcerative colitis, erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum. Erythema nodosum consists of painful red bumps under the skin that may develop when the ulcerative colitis flares; these lesions will often respond to the medication for ulcerative colitis. Pyoderma gangrenosum consists of skin ulcers that may form either with or without a flare of ulcerative colitis digestive symptoms.

Other Complications

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