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The default firewall configuration tool for Ubuntu is ufw. Designed to simplify iptables firewall configuration, ufw provides a convenient way to create an IPv4 or IPv6 host-based firewall. By default, UFW is disabled.

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Check that the firewall is switched on, use this command:

If you get a Status: inactive message when running the ufw status command, it means that the firewall is not yet enabled on the system. You will need to run a command to enable it.

By default, when UFW is enabled, it blocks external access to all ports on the server. In practice, this means that if you connect to a server via SSH and enable ufw before allowing access on the SSH port, you will be disconnected.

To enable UFW on your system, run the command:

To see what is currently blocked or allowed, you can use the verbose parameter when running ufw status as shown below:

If for some reason you need to disable the firewall, you can do so with the following command:

Be careful, this command will completely disable the firewall service on your system!

To block all network connections originating from a specific IP address, run the following command, replacing the allocated IP address with the IP address you wish to block:

If you run this command, you will see that the specified IP address is on the banned list:

If you need to block the entire subnet, you can use the subnet address as the "from" parameter in the ufw deny command. This will block all IP addresses in the example subnet 91.198.174.0/24:

To block incoming connections from a specific IP address to a specific network interface, run the following command, replacing the IP address with the IP address you want to block:

To allow all network connections originating from a specific IP address, run the following command, replacing the allocated IP address with the IP address you wish to allow access to:

To allow incoming connections from a specific IP address to a specific network interface, run the following command, replacing the IP address with the one you want to allow:

If you run the command, you will see a result similar to this:

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To delete a rule previously installed in UFW, use "ufw delete", then enter the rule (allow / deny) and the target specification. The following example deletes a rule previously set to allow all connections from IP address 91.198.174.192:

Another way to specify which rule you want to remove is to specify the rule ID. This information can be obtained by using the following command:

Since by default the firewall already blocks all external access unless it is explicitly allowed, the first rule is redundant, so it can be removed. To remove a rule according to its ID, run the command:

You will be prompted to confirm the operation and make sure that the ID you specify relates to the correct rule you wish to delete.

When installing applications that rely on network communications, it is common to set up a firewall profile that can be used to allow connections from external addresses. This is often the same as running "ufw allow from", with the advantage that it is a shortcut that abstracts the specific port numbers used by the service and provides convenient nomenclature for referring services.

If you have installed a service, such as a web server or other network-dependent software, and the profile was not available in the firewall, first make sure that the service is enabled. For remote servers OpenSSH is usually available:

To enable a firewall application profile, run the command "ufw allow" followed by the name of the application profile you want to enable, which can be obtained with the command "sudo ufw app list". In the following example, we enable the OpenSSH profile, which will allow all incoming SSH connections on the standard SSH port.

To disable an application profile that you previously configured in the firewall, you need to remove the corresponding rule. For example, consider the following output from "sudo ufw status"

If you want to allow only HTTPS requests to your web server, you need to first enable the most restrictive rule, which in this case is "Nginx HTTPS", and then disable the active rule "Nginx Full":

Remember that you can list all available app profiles with "sudo ufw app list".

When working with remote servers you will need to ensure that the SSH port is open for connections so that you can login remotely to your server.

The following command will enable the OpenSSH application profile for the firewall and allow all connections to the default SSH port on the server:

Although less user-friendly, an alternative syntax is to specify the exact port number of the SSH service, which is usually set to 22 by default:

To allow incoming connections from a specific IP address or subnet, you will include the "from" directive to define the source of the connection. This requires that you also specify the destination address with the "to" parameter. To block this rule for SSH only, limit "proto" (protocol) to "tcp" and then use the "port" parameter and set it to 22, the default SSH port.

The following command will only allow SSH connections originating from IP address 91.198.174.33:

You can also use the subnet address as the "from" parameter to allow incoming SSH connections from the entire network:

Rsync, which runs on port 873, can be used to transfer files from one computer to another.

To allow incoming rsync connections from a particular IP address or subnet, use the from parameter to specify the source IP address and the port parameter to set the destination port to 873. The following command will only allow Rsync connections coming from IP address 91.198.174.33:

To allow the entire 91.198.174.0/24 subnet to "rsync" to your server, run the command:

When installing the Nginx web server, it installs several different firewall profiles inside the server. After installing and enabling Nginx as a service, run the following command to determine which profiles are available:

The following command will allow HTTP and HTTPS traffic on the server (ports 80 and 443):

During installation the Apache web server installs several different UFW profiles within the server. After installing and enabling Apache as a service, run the following command to determine which profiles are available:

The following command will allow HTTP and HTTPS traffic on the server (ports 80 and 443):

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Web servers such as Apache and Nginx normally listen for HTTP requests on port 80. If your default policy for inbound traffic is set to reject or deny, you need to create a UFW rule to allow external access to port 80. You can use either the port number or the service name (http) as the parameter of this command.

To allow all incoming HTTP connections (port 80), run the command:

An alternative syntax is to specify the port number of the HTTP service:

HTTPS normally runs on port 443. If your default policy for inbound traffic is set to reject or deny, you need to create a UFW rule to allow external access on port 443. You can use either the port number or the service name (https) as the parameter of this command.

To allow all inbound HTTPS connections (port 443) run this command:

An alternative syntax is to specify the port number of the HTTPS service:

If you want to allow HTTP and HTTPS traffic, you can create one rule that allows both ports. This use requires that you also define the protocol using the "proto" parameter, which in this case must be set to tcp.

To allow all incoming HTTP and HTTPS connections (ports 80 and 443), run the command:

MySQL listens for client connections on port 3306. If your MySQL database server is used by a client on a remote server, you need to create a UFW rule to allow such access.

To allow incoming MySQL connections from a particular IP address or subnet, use the from parameter to specify the source IP address and the "port" parameter to set destination port 3306.

The following command will allow the IP address 91.198.174.33 to connect to the MySQL server port:

To allow the entire subnet 91.198.174.0/24 to connect to your MySQL server, run the command:

PostgreSQL listens for client connections on port 5432. If your PostgreSQL database server is used by a client on a remote server, you need to allow this traffic.

To allow incoming PostgreSQL connections from a particular IP address or subnet, specify the source with the from parameter and set the port to 5432:

To allow the entire subnet 91.198.174.0/24 to connect to your PostgreSQL server, run the command:

Mail servers such as Sendmail and Postfix normally use port 25 for SMTP traffic. If your server is not supposed to send outgoing mail, you can block this type of traffic. To block outgoing SMTP connections, run the command:

This will configure your firewall to block all outgoing traffic on port 25. If you need to reject outgoing connections on a different port number, you can repeat this command and replace 25 with the port number you want to block.

UFW is a powerful tool that, when configured correctly, can significantly improve the security of your servers. This guide covers some common UFW rules that are often used to configure the firewall in Ubuntu. Most of the commands in this guide can be adapted for different use cases and scenarios by changing parameters such as source IP address and/or destination port. For more information on each command parameter and the available modifiers you can use the man utility to check the UFW manual:

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Akvavit or aquavit (/ˈɑːkwəviːt, -və-/; also akevitt in Norwegian; aquavit in English) is a distilled spirit that is principally produced in Scandinavia, where it has been produced since the 15th century.[1] Akvavit is distilled from grain or potatoes, and is flavoured with a variety of herbs. It is also popular in Northern Germany.[2]

Akvavit gets its distinctive flavour from spices and herbs, and the dominant flavour must (according to the European Union) come from a distillate of caraway and/or dill seed. It typically contains 40% alcohol by volume or 80 proof (U.S.) The EU has established a minimum of 37.5% ABV for akvavit to be named as such.[3]

The word aquavit derives from the Latin aqua vitae, "water of life." Compare the words whisky or whiskey, from Gaelic uisce beatha, which has the same meaning. Likewise, clear fruit brandy is called eau de vie (French for "water of life").

Akvavit is an important part of Nordic drinking culture, where it is often drunk during festive gatherings, such as Christmas dinners and the Midsummer celebration, and as an aperitif.[4] In Iceland, Sweden, Denmark and Germany aquavit is chilled and often drunk in a single gulp from a small shot glass. This is usually attributed to tradition.[5] It is not generally chilled in Norway, but enjoyed slowly. In Sweden commonly the aquavit is consumed immediately following a song, called a snapsvisa. The most well-known song is "Helan Går".[6] In Finland and Sweden, aquavit consumed from a shot glass is also commonly associated with crayfish parties, which are traditionally held during late August. In Denmark aquavit is called snaps or akvavit, and is primarily consumed in December during Christmas lunches or around Easter during Easter lunches. It is consumed year round though, mainly for lunches of traditional Danish dishes where beer is also always on the table. In Norway, where most aquavit is matured in oak casks, the drink is served at room temperature in tulip-shaped glasses. Aquavit arguably complements beer well, and its consumption is very often preceded by a swig of beer.[7]

Akvavit must be distilled from an agricultural base, most commonly grain or potatoes.[8] Similarly to gin it is flavored with botanicals. The dominant flavors must be caraway or dill, sometimes both. Swedish Akvavit must also contain fennel in order to be labeled as such. Other common botanicals include: cardamom, cumin, anise, coriander. The Danish distillery Aalborg makes an akvavit distilled with amber which imparts a pine-like citrusy note. The Aalborg brand is now produced in Norway by Arcus Group.

The recipes and flavours differ between brands, with each brand's unique characteristics coming from distillation methods and supporting botanicals in their blends. Un-aged Akvavit is clear while aged Akvavit typically has a pale straw to golden hue depending on how long it has been aged in oak casks (most common in Norway) or the amount of colorant used. Normally, a darker color suggests a higher age or the use of young casks, though artificial caramel colouring and infusing fruits or botanicals for color and flavor is permitted before bottling. Clear akvavit is often called taffel, meaning table aquavit. Taffel aquavit is typically aged in old casks that do not colour the finished spirit or it is not aged at all.

The earliest known reference to "aquavit" is found in a 1531 letter from the Danish Lord of Bergenshus castle, Eske Bille to Olav Engelbrektsson, the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway. The letter, dated April 13, accompanying a package, offers the archbishop "some water which is called Aqua Vite and is a help for all sort of illness which a man can have both internally and externally".[9]

While this claim for the medicinal properties of the drink may be rather inflated, aquavit is popularly believed to ease the digestion of rich foods. In Denmark, it is traditionally associated with Christmas and Easter lunches. In Norway, it is drunk at celebrations, particularly Christmas, Easter or May 17 (Norwegian Constitution Day). In Sweden, it is a staple of the traditional midsummer celebrations dinner, usually drunk while singing one of many drinking songs. It is usually drunk as snaps during meals, especially during the appetizer course – along with pickled herring, crayfish, lutefisk or smoked fish. In this regard, it is popularly quipped that aquavit helps the fish swim down to the stomach.

It is also a regular on the traditional Norwegian Christmas meals, including roasted rib of pork and rib of lamb (pinnekjøtt). The spices and the alcohol are said to help digest the meal, which is very rich in fat.

Among the most important brands are Løiten, Lysholm, Opland and Simers from Norway, Aalborg and Brøndum from Denmark and O.P. Anderson from Sweden. While the Danish and Swedish variants are normally very light in colour, most of the Norwegian brands are matured in oak casks for at least six months, and for some brands even as long as 12 years, making them generally darker in colour. While members of all three nations can be found to claim that "their" style of aquavit is the best as a matter of national pride, Norwegian akevitt tend to have, if not the most distinctive character, then at least the most overpowering flavour and deepest colour due to the aging process.[citation needed]

Peculiar to the Norwegian tradition are Linje Aquavits (such as "Løiten Linie" and "Lysholm Linie"). Linje Aquavit is named after the tradition of sending oak barrels of aquavit with ships from Norway to Australia and back again, thereby passing the equator ("linje") twice before being bottled. The constant movement, high humidity and fluctuating temperature cause the spirit to extract more flavour and contributes to accelerated maturation.

Norwegian aquavit distillers Anora (former Arcus) has carried out a test where they tried to emulate the rocking of the casks aboard the "Linje" ships while the oak barrels were subjected to the weather elements as they would aboard a ship. The finished product was, according to Anora, far from the taste that a proper linje aquavit should have.[citation needed]

Therefore, to this day boats loaded with "Linie Aquavit" set sail from Norway to Australia and back again before they are bottled and sold as part of the Norwegian Christmas traditions but also enjoyed all year round.

Aquavit was seldom produced outside of the Nordic countries but that began to change dramatically starting around 2010, especially in the United States, particularly in areas that have a larger concentrations of people with Nordic heritage. An exception, however, is Northern Germany, and in particular the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, which was part of Denmark until the 19th century (see: History of Schleswig-Holstein) and still has a notable Danish minority. Among the most important German brands are Bommerlunder from Flensburg, Kieler Sprotte from Kiel and Malteserkreuz. The latter brand has been produced in Berlin since 1924 by a subsidiary of Sweden's Vin & Sprit AB (now Pernod Ricard), the producer of many Swedish akvavits, and can be considered a German imitation of the Nordic aquavits, since it is based on an original Danish recipe. Brands from Schleswig-Holstein, however, often have a long history, comparable to their Nordic counterparts. Bommerlunder, for instance, has been made since 1760. Aquavit is also an important part of the traditional cuisine of Schleswig-Holstein. German aquavit is virtually always distilled from fermented grain, and generally has an alcohol content of 38% by volume, marginally less than Scandinavian aquavits.

Psychopomp Microdistillery[10] in Bristol, England, started producing an aquavit (termed 'Aqvavit' due to EU regulations) in 2017. In Canada aquavit is produced by Crosscut Distillery Sudbury, Confluence Distillery, Okanagan Spirits Craft Distillery,[11] Island Spirits Distillery, Long Table Distillery,[12] Spirit of York Distillery Co. in Toronto, Ontario, Newfoundland Distillery Co. in Clarke’s Beach, Newfoundland, Compass Distillers in Halifax, Nova Scotia and Sheringham Distillery on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.[13] Many distilleries in the United States produce aquavit, especially in parts of the country with high populations of people of Nordic heritage. Examples include: Colorado, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Montana, Illinois, Oregon, New Hampshire and Washington. The Midwest States in particular do quite well for the category and have produced numerous internationally acclaimed /award-winning brands. See List of Akvavit Producers in the United States for brand names and distilleries.

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