Bonz Verwey

Amazon's OTT platform, Prime Video, has taken the first step to creating a marketplace for subscription video entertainment in the country by tying up with eight global and Indian premium content providers to offer more choice to its customers.

BROWN BAGELS

Address: Shop10/1-15 Equitable Pl, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia

A diligent person knows how to manage his/her time wisely in order to avoid cramming and delays Last-minute working produces mediocre or even

A heavy or painful feeling in the chest may be a sign of a pulmonary embolism This is when a blockage occurs in the pulmonary artery, or the artery in the lung The blockage is usually a blood clot, but in rare cases, it can be made up of other substances, such as fat

Source: my.clevelandclinic.org

1. With GIMP open, go to File > Open and select an image
2. Go to Image > Scale Image
3. A Scale Image dialog box will appear like the one pictured below
4. To see the Image Size in inches or a value other than pixels, use the drop down beside the values
5. Enter new Image Size or Resolution values

Here's The Deal: Marc J Siegel is the founder and managing partner of Siegel & Dolan and has practiced labor and employment law in Chicago for his entire

1 Use MS Excel Format Painter · 2 Select Entire Spreadsheet Columns or Rows · 3 Import Data Into Excel Correctly · 4 Enter The Same Data Into Multiple Cells · 5

The full form of PWHT is Post-weld heat treatment. PWHT is a controlled process that involves reheating the metal below its lower critical transformation temperature, following a welding process. The material is then held at the elevated temperature for a predetermined period of time to alleviate residual stresses, increase the strength, increase or decrease the hardness, and reduce the risk of cracking by microstructural changes. An array of heating processes can be used to carry out post-weld heat treatment.

This article shall cover PWHT of welded butt joints, branch joints in Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Materials, as well as all types of welded joints in killed carbon steel materials for Low-Temperature Service to guide technicians, supervisors, and other persons involved in the safe execution of PWHT activity so that final result is acceptable.

Post Weld Heat Treatment or PWHT of Carbon Steel must be performed after every welding in order to ensure the material strength of the part is retained. The exact criteria for PWHT of carbon steel are mentioned in the ASME BPVC code. PWHT ensures the reduction of residual stresses, controlling material hardness, and enhancement of mechanical strength.

If PWHT is neglected or performed incorrectly, the residual stresses can combine with service load stresses. The value may exceed a material’s design limitations leading to weld failures, higher cracking potential, and increased susceptibility to brittle fracture. Other benefits of PWHT are listed below:

The power controlling panel of post-weld heat treatment is composed of:

Each panel will supply a single heating station and therefore for each heating operation, one panel will be needed. Heating and cooling rates are adjusted by manual selection of the percentage of power input by means of potentiometers.

Before applying for the detailed PWHT requirements and exemption in these paragraphs, satisfactory weld procedure qualifications of the welding procedures specification to be used shall be performed in accordance with all the essential variables of ASME SECTION IX including conditions of post-weld heat treatment and other restrictions listed below.

While carrying out local post-weld heat treatment, the technique of application of heat must ensure uniform temperature attainment at all points of the portion being heat treated. Care shall be taken to ensure that the width of the heated band on either side of the weld edge shall not be less than four (4) times pipe thickness or 2″ whichever is greater.

Throughout the cycle of post-weld heat treatment, the portion outside the heated band shall be suitably wrapped under insulation so as to avoid any harmful temperature gradient at the exposed surface of the pipe. For this purpose, the temperature at the exposed surface of the pipe should not be allowed to exceed 400°c.

The valves, instruments, and other special items with welding ends, shall be protected,   because of the risk of damage during post-weld heat treatment.

No welding shall be performed after PWHT.

Automatic temperature recorders that have been suitably calibrated shall be employed. The calibration chart of each recorder shall be submitted to the owner prior to starting the heat treatment operations and his approval shall be obtained. Recording equipment shall be calibrated at least once every 12 months. Also, the instrument equipment (potentiometer) which is used for the calibration of recorders should be supported by a related certificate.

After performing a visual inspection and removing surface defects and temporary tack welds (if any) an adequate number of thermocouples (based on the diameter of pipes) shall be attached to the pipe directly and equally spaced location along the periphery of the pipe joint. The minimum number of thermocouples attached per joint shall be 1 for up to 3″ diameter, 2 for up to 6″ diameter, and 3 for up to 10″and 4 for up to 12″diameter and above. However, the required minimum number of thermocouples to be attached can be increased if it is found necessary.

The thermocouples shall be placed on the joint and in firm contact with the pipe as near as possible to the weld area. Thermocouples should be directly tack welded to the joint or heating band jointly provided that they have a tail of the same material and approved filler wire or electrode not larger than 2.5 mm in diameter is used for tack welding.

In order to avoid incorrect temperature readings due to direct radiation to thermocouples, it shall be protected by ceramic fiber blanked or any other suitable insulation material.

Heating resistance elements shall be laid over the attached thermocouples throughout of heating band and shall be insulated as shown in Fig. 1 below.

Insulating materials shall be mineral wool/glass wool which can overcome the temperature employed. The minimum insulation thickness shall be 50 mm. To hold the insulation material in position wire mesh shall be wrapped around and tied or tied by other suitable means.

The post-weld heat treatment temperature and time and its heating and cooling rates shall be recorded automatically and present the actual temperature of the weld area. Each thermocouple shall be connected to the controlling and recording instrument for each treated joint.

The heating temperature above 300°c shall be recorded and the heating and cooling rate shall not be more than that specified in related WPS and standards but in no case, more than 200°c/hr and the difference between the temperatures measured by various thermocouples shall be within the range specified.

The heat treatment soaking temperature and holding time shall be as specified in related welding procedure specifications. For easy reference, the values for different types of steel are given in the following table.

The cooling down to 300°c shall be controlled cooling. Below that the cooling down to ambient temperature shall take place under insulation coating without controlling.

The following safety precautions shall be provided during PWHT:

PWHT for stainless steel is usually not required. However, to increase the corrosion resistance or reduce stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, stainless steel PWHT may be used depending on the service conditions encountered.

The requirements for PWHT for piping are dependent on the P-numbers and Group numbers of the pipe material. Clause 331.1.1 along with table 331.1.1 and Table 331.1.2 of ASME B31.3 provides the requirements for PWHT depending on pipe materials. However, if the proper pre-heat temperature is applied during the welding of pipes of specified thicknesses, the mandatory post-weld heat treatment can be exempted. Such rules are provided in Table 331.1.3 of ASME B31.3.

In the following section, I will address some of the most frequently asked questions related to PWHT.

PWHT is an acronym for the full form of Post Weld Heat Treatment.

Most of the conventional welding processes generate residual stresses in the welding regions. These stresses in certain conditions can approach the yield strength of the material. Such joints are prone to failure and can not be used directly. PWHT is applied to such welded steel assemblies to reduce the likelihood of brittle failure. PWHT significantly reduces the residual stresses in the weld joints and thereby reduces the failure potential. So, wherever there is a risk of environmentally-assisted cracking, PWHT is required.

The ASME B31.3 PWHT requirements for piping materials are established in clause 331.1.1 along with Table 331.1.1, 331.1.2, and 331.1.3.

PWHT temperature is not calculated. The range of PWHT temperatures is mentioned in tabular formats in the governing codes. So, the PWHT temperature is selected from the tables of the governing code. For example, table 331.1.1 of ASME B31.3 for process piping systems.

Stress-relieving is a process to reduce residual stresses in an object. Heat treatments like normalizing, annealing, quenching, tempering, etc are some of the processes to relieve the residual stresses generated due by welding. PWHT is also a process in which stress relief is achieved. However, the main difference between Stress relieving and PWHT is that the stress-relieving can be made at temperatures below the minimum transformation temperature of the steel where no micro-structural change of the material occurs.