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READ NEXT: Our pick of the best smartphones you can buy

Which Samsung phone you choose will depend on a range of factors. Budget is likely the primary component when making this decision, but you’ll also want to weigh up other important factors such as screen size, display quality, battery life and camera characteristics. Have a read of our rundown so that you can make the most informed choice before bringing your next Samsung phone to the checkout.

Price: From £1,249 l Buy now from Amazon

Latest Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra contract deals

With the Galaxy S23 Ultra, Samsung kicked off the new year with a bang. Not a huge amount has changed externally from last year's Galaxy S22 Ultra, but the biggest new addition is the move to Qualcomm's Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 chipset, which not only seriously improved performance, but battery life is significantly longer as well.

If you're in the market for a new flagship smartphone, there's simply nothing better. Samsung's latest all-singing and all-dancing smartphone has seen a major upgrade in the photography department, with a fancy new 200MP main sensor. What impressed us the most, in fact, was the S23 Ultra's zoom capabilities. With a pair of 3x and 10x telephoto lenses (as well as a primary 108MP sensor), the S22 Ultra's pictures looked absolutely sublime in our tests, capturing every detail with tonally perfect colours, no matter the lighting conditions.

The sublime 6.8in 120Hz screen also returns (perfect for doodling with the bundled S Pen). Sure, there are far cheaper handsets you can get your hands on in 2023, but if you're after the very best that Android (not just Samsung) has to offer, then this is definitely it.

Key specs – Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 2; Screen: 6.8in, 3,088 x 1,440; Camera: 200MP, 10MP (10x zoom), 10MP (3x zoom), 12MP (wide); Storage: 256GB, 512GB, 1TB; Operating system: Android 13

Want to spend less on the latest Samsung flagship? The good news is that the regular Galaxy S23 is still a terrific option, that is provided you don't mind a few cutbacks.

For a huge £400 less than the Ultra, the Galaxy S23 is a smashing alternative for the cost-conscious buyer. It uses the same top-spec Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 chipset, pumping out the same ultra-fast performance figures and its 50MP main camera impressed in testing as well. It also has the added benefit of being a lot smaller than the Ultra (6.1in vs 6.8in), so if large-screened handsets aren't really your thing, the entry-level S23 should be your next phone purchase.

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Price: £150 l Buy now from Amazon

Latest Samsung Galaxy A21s contract deals

If you aren't too keen handing over flagship-sized sums for the latest and greatest Samsung, then the Galaxy A21s is the perfect choice for the budget-conscious. It's not the flashiest smartphone on the market, but where it counts the Galaxy A21s is a remarkable smartphone that's filled to the brim with features for very little money.

Somehow, Samsung has managed to squeeze in a total of five cameras which, again, is rather generous considering how much it costs. It has a massive 48MP camera, which is excellent, as well as a macro, wide-angle and depth-sensing lens. Samsung certainly knows how to make a well-priced smartphone, and the Galaxy A21s, complete with Android 10, a snazzy design and a lovely screen, absolutely smashes our expectations.

Read our full Samsung Galaxy A21s review for more details

Key specs – Processor: Samsung Exynos 850; Screen: 6.5in, 1,600 x 720; Camera: 48MP, 8MP (wide), 2MP (macro), 2MP (depth); Storage: 64GB; Operating system: Android 10

Price: £1,649 l Buy now from Amazon

Latest Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4 contract deals

Samsung's high-end foldable is the best we've ever seen. The kinks have been ironed out, and the Galaxy Z Fold 4 is the ultimate culmination of previous improvements, with an IPX8 water resistance rating, hard-wearing design, overall performance increases and huge changes to the multitasking.

The most expensive smartphone you can buy at the moment, the Galaxy Z Fold 4 is well worth the cost if you're lucky enough to afford it, especially since it uses the most powerful mobile chipset yet, the Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Plus Gen 1 which, in our tests, provided the biggest gen-on-gen gaming performance improvement in a number of years. If you're after a phone that inspires "ooh's" and "aah's" from friends, and you've also got a lot of cash burning a hole in your pocket, then this is the handset to get.

Read our full Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4 review for more details

Key specs – Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Plus Gen 1; Screen: 7.6in, 2,1768 x 1,812 (inner), 6.2in, 2,316 x 904 (cover); Camera: 50MP, 10MP (3x zoom), 12MP (wide); Storage: 256GB, 512GB; Operating system: Android 12

Price: £699 | Buy now from Amazon

Not got a huge amount of money for a Samsung flagship but don't want to scrimp on features? Thankfully, the S21 FE pretty much has it all: high-end specs and a long list of flagship-worthy features at a reduced price.

Cheaper than the S21 but with similarly speedy performance, a dazzling display and a great set of rear cameras, the S21 FE (or, Fan Edition) is one of last year's best-value smartphones. If you're put off by the prices of this year's flagships, then the Galaxy S21 FE is easily the next best thing.

Read our full Samsung Galaxy S21 FE review for more details

Key specs – Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 888; Screen: 6.4in, 2,400 x 1,080; Camera: 12MP, 8MP (zoom), 12MP (wide); Storage: 128GB/256GB; Operating system: Android 11

Price: £449 l Buy now from Amazon

Alternatively, if you have even less money to spend on a new Samsung phone, and you still aren't willing to sacrifice too much in the way of features, then the mid-range Galaxy A54 5G is a safe bet.

With a large, colour accurate 6.4in screen, triple camera array and solid performance, there's very little to dislike. Not to mention that the battery life is exceptional, with the Galaxy A54 5G lasting almost 27 hours in our tests. The only downside is that the Display isn't HDR compliant, but this is a small niggle when you consider just how much stuff you're getting for relatively little money.

Read our full Samsung Galaxy A54 5G review for more details

Key specs – Processor: Samsung Exynos 1380; Screen: 6.5in, 2,340 x 1,080; Camera: 50MP, 12MP (wide), 5MP (macro); Storage: 128GB, 256GB; Operating system: Android 13

Price: £999 l Buy now from Amazon

Alongside the Fold (featured above), the Z Flip 4 5G is another tremendous folding flagship. Featuring the same high-level features, such as IPX8-rated waterproofing, a surprisingly sturdy design and a 120Hz refresh screen, the Flip 4 5G is much better value, since it costs a heck of a lot less. And with Flip-friendly changes such as an increase to the size of the battery, upgraded performance and a handful of UI improvements, the Flip 4 5G is pretty much as good as it gets all for a fraction of the price.

Read our full Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4 5G review for more details

Key specs – Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Plus Gen 1; Screen: 6.7in, 2,640 x 1,080 (cover: 1.9in, 512 x 260); Camera: 12MP and 12MP (wide); Storage: 128GB, 256GB; Operating system: Android 12

Price: £513 l Buy now from Amazon

Samsung flagships needn't cost the earth. If you're in the market for a new top-end handset and don't have S22-sized sums to pay for one, then last year's Galaxy S21 is still a great pick. It's still one of the fastest smartphones we've tested, the display is top-notch and the triple cameras still hold their own against more recent phone releases such as the iPhone 13.

As ever, this recommendation only applies if you don't mind buying a refurbished model. However, if this doesn't bother you then you'll be rewarded with a great phone at a remarkably low price.

Read our full Samsung Galaxy S21 review for more details

It is possible to combine ASK, FSK and PSK. One benefit of combining different modulation methods is to increase the number of symbols available. Increasing the number of available symbols is a standard way to increase the bit rate, because increasing the number of symbols increases the number of bits per symbol. It is rare for all three methods to be combined, but very common for ASK and PSK to be combined to create Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

QAM is based on the application of ASK and PSK to two sinusoidal waves of the same frequency but with a phase difference of 90°. Sinusoidal waves 90° apart are said to be in a quadrature phase relationship. It is customary to refer to one of these waves as the I wave, or in-phase wave or component, and the other as the Q wave, or quadrature wave or component (Figure 1.7).

You may recognise the I wave in Figure 1.7 as a sine function and the Q wave as a cosine function. These functions are said to be orthogonal to each other. If two signals are orthogonal, when they are transmitted simultaneously one can be completely recovered at the receiver without any interference from the other.

The I and Q waves remain orthogonal if either or both of them are inverted (multiplied by –1, or flipped vertically). Negative amplitudes just mean that the wave is inverted.

The set of symbols in QAM can be conveniently represented on a signal constellation diagram (Figure 1.8). This is a plot of the I and Q amplitudes with I on the horizontal axis and Q on the vertical axis. Each dot in Figure 1.8 is a symbol, as it represents a unique combination of amplitude and phase of the I and Q waves. So, in each symbol period, only one of the ‘dots’ is transmitted. As there are 16 symbols, this version of QAM is called 16-QAM.

To understand what each dot in the diagram represents, take the top left one. This represents a symbol where the Q wave is at an amplitude of 3 and the I wave is at an amplitude of –3. The minus sign means the I wave is inverted (or phase shifted by 180°) relative to the I wave in Figure 1.7(a).

As the number of symbols increases, more data bits are transmitted per symbol. For example, 64-QAM is a QAM scheme with 64 symbols, and 256-QAM is a scheme with 256 symbols. 256-QAM conveys 8 bits per symbol (as 256 = 28), so achieving twice the data rate of 16-QAM for the same symbol rate.

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