J.T. Tukel

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The conquest of New Mexico ceased to be an attraction for the Spanish Crown after Vzquez Coronado failed in his attempt. The end of the Chichimeca war and the search for new wealth pushed the expansion towards the North, carrying out un recorded explorations by mine diggers and missionaries. In 1581, an expedition led by Francisco Sánchez Chamuscado and three Franciscans had left Santa Bárbara —in the current State of Chihuahua— and traveled the Conchos River to its mouth in the North River —Río Bravo— and continuing upstream, had reached New Mexico. The rescue party of Antonio Espejo was carried out on the following year's Route. The failed conquest of the north by Francisco Leyva de Bonilla and Antonio Gutiérrez de Humaa was not the first attempt by other explorers.

The plan of conquest and colonization of New Mexico began to take shape when the viceroy Count of Corua obtained the authorization to organize the expedition. The richest inhabitant of Nueva Galicia, Lomas y Colmenares, wanted to carry out the task. Viceroy Luis de Velasco granted Juan de Oate permission to go and conquer the north after twelve years after the company was approved. Pedro Ponce de Len's intrigues at court and his friendship with the new viceroy delayed the expedition until early 1598.

Oate was given the title of governor and captain general of the new conquests for five generations. The expedition's financing ran on his account. The equipment of the soldiers, the provisions, and the recruitment of colonists are included.

The majority of the soldiers he enlisted were Spanish and Creoles.

Two of his nephews, Juan and Vicente Zaldvar, and his Creole friend, Gaspar Pérez de Villagr, were persuaded by him to accompany him. Pérez de Villagr wrote an epic poem about Oate and the conquest of New Mexico. He titled his work Historia de la Nueva México, and in Alexandrian verse he gives a detailed testimony of the actions and geography, ending with the destruction of Acoma. Alonso de Ercilla wrote the only chronicle of the American conquest in verse.

The expedition of the real de minas de Santa Bárbara set out, incorporating, in addition to the soldiers, four hundred Tlaxcalan indigenous people, some Franciscan friars and many black slaves, eighty-three carts with food, women and children, and seven thousand head of cattle. The caravan is ten kilometers long and is moving at an average speed of eight kilometers per day. Oñate agreed: "I oblige myself that as much as possible the said discovery and population be made with all peace, friendship and Christianity, and the government of the people in my charge will have it in the greatest Christianity and tact that I can, so that Our Lord and His Majesty be served in everything”.

Opening a more direct path to the Rio Grande, it did not go up the Conchos River like its predecessors, but instead passed through the future seats of Chihuahua and El Paso del Norte, a route that from then on became the main supply route for the north: the so-called Camino Real. The bank of the Rio Grande was reached after crossing the desert.

On the 30th, on the north bank, near San Elizario, Texas, in a place called "La Toma" solemn possession of the territory was taken: "I want you to know, those who are now or for a time will be, like me Don Juan de Oñate, Governor and Captain General, and Adelante of New Mexico and its Kingdoms and Provinces on whose solid foundation I rest to take the aforementioned possession of these Kingdoms and Provinces in the aforementioned name of King Felipe II”. The first Thanksgiving day in the United States is considered to be the result of this act because it was accompanied by a thanksgiving mass and a meal with fish, birds and deer. The first theatrical performance in North America was made up of a comedy written by Captain Marcos Farfn and performed with improvised actors.

The caravan entered the territory of New Mexico.

The indigenous people provided the corn that they used tobaptise the town of Socorro in June. They learned that two Christianized Mexicas who had arrived in New Mexico years before on the Gaspar Castan de Souza expedition would later join them as interpreters. They established an alliance with indigenous tribes at Guipi at the end of the month, and were christened Santo Domingo Pueblo at the south of Santa Fe. They consulted the settlers to determine the place where they would settle after they were stripped of the vast territory of the Pueblo Indians. On August 18, 1598, with his approval, what would be named the capital of the territory, San Juan de los Caballeros, was established nearby, in honor of the patron saint of the captain general, and the chivalry of the indigenous people, which was later transferred on the other side of the Chama River, to avoid attacks by the natives and is renamed San Gabriel.

Oate explored the surroundings and consolidated his position as the settlers arrived. He went into the current territory of Arizona, reaching the towns of Acoma, Zuni and Moqui.

He sent his captains to look for the silver deposits found by his predecessor Espejo and mentioned in his account, which aroused so much interest in Oate.

Vicente Zaldvar traveled to the plains of eastern New Mexico and western Texas in the fall of 1598 to explore the eastern prairies, which were home to the herds of bison and the Apache tribes.

Oate was looking for the mythical Strait of Anin, a passage towards the South Sea through the North Strait of the American Continent.

He summoned Captain Juan de Saldvar to join him. The indigenous people at Pen de Acoma accepted their request for some food without hesitation. They killed Zaldvar and fourteen of his men. Some of them told Oate of the betrayal they had been subjected to. The Franciscan friars and his captains agreed to attack Acoma, despite the Council of the Indies' provisions.

Since there were more than thirty thousand Indians in the region, the decision was made to Punishing the betrayal and death of the Spaniards and avoiding future attacks. The troops under the command of Vicente Zaldvar left Oate on January 12th, 1599. Peace offers were rejected before the battle. Oate thought that El Pen was the best fortress in Christendom. After two days of intense fighting, the Rock was taken.

Six hundred and eighty Indians died in the battle, and another six hundred were taken prisoner and punished by Oate in an exemplary manner.

In June 1601, Juan de Oate traveled through Oklahoma and Kansas, returning to New Mexico, where he found the mythical Quivira.

In the face of poverty and fears of hunger, discontent took hold of settlers and missionaries. They didn't see the policy of extensive explorations carried out by the governor by leaving the organization of the founded settlement unattended. Many settlers began to desert as a result of discouragement.

Oate had a strong hand and forced people to return to the establishments.

Oate wanted to explore the north and expand the territory.

Vicente Zaldvar was sent to the Court by his uncle to defend his proposal before the Council of the Indies. Reports reached Spain of the governor's action to curb desertions. In 1603, the King decided to give the investigation of the facts to the viceroy, the Marquis of Montesclaros, who gave an unfavorable report to the New Mexico governor.