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On the morning of Sept. 28, 2022, Hurricane Ian made landfall in Cayo Costa, Florida, a barrier island west of Fort Myers in Lee County.

A Category 4 storm, Ian packed 150 mph sustained winds and 10-15 feet of storm surge, making it one of the strongest hurricanes to make landfall in Florida.

Ian slowly moved across the Florida peninsula, hammering the state with heavy rains and powerful winds, causing catastrophic flooding before exiting the state and into the open waters of the Atlantic as a tropical storm where it restrengthened and made its final landfall as a Category 1 hurricane in South Carolina on Sept. 30th.

Ian was Florida’s deadliest hurricane since 1935 and could also be the costliest.

Shrimp and GritFighting to save the Fort Myers Beach shrimping fleet after Ian's devastation

Just average?:Deadly Ian dominated 2022 hurricane season, which otherwise was routine

She's a survivor:Sanibel golf course's celebrity crocodile reappears after Hurricane Ian

Record price:Business, tech titans cut deal for most expensive home in Sanibel history, even after Hurricane Ian

Hurricane Ian barreled into Southwest Florida with 150 mph winds when it made landfall on the small barrier island of Cayo Costa.

The storm thrashed parts of the western coast with intense winds and catastrophic storm surges before tracking over the Florida peninsula as a tropical storm and dumping flooding rain far inland.

Fort Myers Beach, along with Lee County’s other barrier islands, including Pine Island, Sanibel Island, Captiva and the fishing village of Matlacha, took the brunt of Hurricane Ian’s assault on Florida’s coastline.

'Wiped off the face of the earth':Fort Myers Beach businesses start over post-Ian

'Everybody's ecstatic':'Everybody's ecstatic': Captiva's 'Tween Waters re-opens to all Dec. 17; the causeway Jan. 1

Return to Sanibel Island after Ian:Smashed homes, slick ooze, and wondering how to rebuild

Ian’s deadly storm surge pushed the Gulf of Mexico as high as 15 feet above the normally dry ground on Fort Myers Beach causing death and devastation on the island.

Parts of the Sanibel Causeway collapsed and the Pine Island bridge was partially washed out, leaving residents disconnected from the mainland.

As Ian pushed inland, the storm surge caused severe flooding across Southwest Florida, including Fort Myers, Cape Coral and Naples.

'It's been harrowing':Volusia County residents recount ordeal of having to abandon beachfront condos

Ian’s ferocious winds and water flooded entire communities and left residents stranded in their homes.

Rainfall along and east of Interstate 4 totaled 10 to 20 inches or more, inundating the St. Johns River basin and other low-lying areas across Central Florida for months.

In Daytona Beach Shores, Wilbur-by-the-Sea and across Volusia and Flagler counties, Ian's storm surge collapsed seawalls and eroded beaches and backyards, leaving many oceanfront homes, condos and hotels damaged and unsafe.

'All the protection now was 100% gone':Man who lost Wilbur-by-the-Sea home talks rebuild

Volusia:Beachside residents, condos eager to repair 'tragic' erosion, seawall damage, but permits slow-going

At least 144 deaths have been attributed to Hurricane Ian in Florida, five in North Carolina and Virginia, and three in Cuba.

Up to 60 people reportedly drowned in Florida, and at least 30 died partially as a result of existing medical conditions. At least 85 victims were 65 or older.

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Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients required by the body to carry out a range of normal functions. However, these micronutrients are not produced in our bodies and must be derived from the food we eat.

Vitamins are organic substances that are generally classified as either fat soluble or water soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K) dissolve in fat and tend to accumulate in the body. Water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate) must dissolve in water before they can be absorbed by the body, and therefore cannot be stored. Any water-soluble vitamins unused by the body is primarily lost through urine.

Minerals are inorganic elements present in soil and water, which are absorbed by plants or consumed by animals. While you’re likely familiar with calcium, sodium, and potassium, there is a range of other minerals, including trace minerals (e.g. copper, iodine, and zinc) needed in very small amounts.

In the U.S., the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) develops nutrient reference values called the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for vitamins and minerals. [1] These are intended as a guide for good nutrition and as a scientific basis for the development of food guidelines in both the U.S. and Canada. The DRIs are specific to age, gender, and life stages, and cover more than 40 nutrient substances. The guidelines are based on available reports of deficiency and toxicity of each nutrient. Learn more about vitamins and minerals and their recommended intakes in the table below.

A diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, good protein packages, and healthful fats should provide most of the nutrients needed for good health. But not everyone manages to eat a healthful diet. Multivitamins can play an important role when nutritional requirements are not met through diet alone. Learn more about vitamin supplementation.

Vitamins and their precise requirements have been controversial since their discovery in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It was the combined efforts of epidemiologists, physicians, chemists, and physiologists that led to our modern day understanding of vitamins and minerals. After years of observation, experiments, and trial and error, they were able to distinguish that some diseases were not caused by infections or toxins—a common belief at the time—but by vitamin deficiencies. [2] Chemists worked to identify a vitamin’s chemical structure so it could be replicated. Soon after, researchers determined specific amounts of vitamins needed to avoid diseases of deficiency.

In 1912, biochemist Casimir Funk was the first to coin the term “vitamin” in a research publication that was accepted by the medical community, derived from “vita” meaning life, and “amine” referring to a nitrogenous substance essential for life. [3] Funk is considered the father of vitamin therapy, as he identified nutritional components that were missing in diseases of deficiency like scurvy (too little vitamin C), beri-beri (too little vitamin B1), pellagra (too little vitamin B3), and rickets (too little vitamin D). The discovery of all vitamins occurred by 1948.

Vitamins were obtained only from food until the 1930s when commercially made supplements of certain vitamins became available. The U.S government also began fortifying foods with specific nutrients to prevent deficiencies common at the time, such as adding iodine to salt to prevent goiter, and adding folic acid to grain products to reduce birth defects during pregnancy. In the 1950s, most vitamins and multivitamins were available for sale to the general public to prevent deficiencies, some receiving a good amount of marketing in popular magazines such as promoting cod liver oil containing vitamin D as bottled sunshine.

Last reviewed March 2023