Cote Omar

The history of the sudden shutting down of the Kempton Park Hospital in 1996, and the alleged paranormal activities that have surrounded the

Earn money with website monetization from Google AdSense See how much you could earn from AdSense Only the highest paying ads go live

Hospitals, medical laboratories, and physicians' offices serve as common work settings for healthcare administrators Healthcare administrators can also find career opportunities with insurance companies, government agencies, pharmaceutical corporations, and outpatient care facilities

Testing a power supply manually with a multimeter is one of two ways to test a power supply in a computer A properly executed PSU test using a

Its purpose is to find out the events and processes that occurred and developed in the past and interpret them according to criteria of the greatest possible objectivity; although the possibility of fulfilling such purposes and the degree to which they are possible are in themselves objects of study of historiology or theory of history, such as epistemology or scientific knowledge of history.

A historian is the person who studies history. The professional historian is seen as the specialist in the academic discipline of history, and the non- professional historian is seen as a chronicler.

The Greek word history derives from the Greek, which means to investigate, and from the Latin, meaning to investigate. From there history passed into Latin, which in Old Castilian evolved into estoria (as attested by the title of the Estoria de España de Alfonso X el Sabio, 1260-1284) and was later reintroduced into Castilian Spanish as a cultism in its original Latin form.

The remote etymology comes from the Proto-Indo-European *wid-tor- (from the root *weid-, "to know, to see" —hypothetical construction—) also present in the Latin words idea or vision, in the Germanic words wit, wise or wisdom, the Sanskrit veda, and the Slavic videti or vedati, and in other languages ​​of the Indo-European family.

The ancient Greek word ἱστορία was used by Aristotle in his Περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστορίαι (read Peri ta zoa jistória, Latinized Historia animalium, translatable as History of animals ). The term was derived from ἵστωρ (read jístōr, translatable as "wise man", "witness" or "judge").

The Homeric hymns, Heraclitus, the oath of the Athenian ephebes, and Boeotian inscriptions all use in some way. The Greek cognatic word "to appear" does not include the problematic aspirated feature. The form "to inquire" is an ionized form that first appeared in classical Greece and later in the Hellenistic civilization.

In turn, the past itself is called "history", and one can even speak of a "natural history" in which humanity was not present, that was used in opposition to social history, to refer not only to geology and paleontology, but also to many other natural sciences —the borders between the field to which this term traditionally refers and that of prehistory and archeology are imprecise, through paleoanthropology—, and which is intended to be complemented with environmental history or ecohistory,

The use that history makes of other disciplines as instruments to obtain, process and interpret data from the past allows us to speak of auxiliary sciences of history with a very different methodology.

The record of annals and chronicles was a trade that was controlled by the State.

The official historical records in that civilization were created by Sima Qian. The Muslim Ibn Khaldun's criticism (Muqaddima —Prolegomena to Universal History—, 1377) of the traditional way of making history had no immediate consequences, and was considered a precedent for the renewal of the methodology of history and the philosophy of history. the story that did not begin until the 19th century, the result of the evolution of historiography in Western Europe. The founding of the Royal Academy of History in Spain in the 18th century was preceded by the official Castilian and Indies chroniclers.

The teaching of history in compulsory education was one of the bases of national construction since the 19th century, a simultaneous process with the proliferation of history chairs in universities (initially in the faculties of letters or Philosophy and Letters, and over time, in their own faculties or Geography and History —disciplines whose scientific and methodological proximity is a characteristic of the French and Spanish academic tradition—) and the creation of all kinds of public institutions and private (historical clubs or historical societies, very usually medievalist, responding to the historicism of the romantic taste, committed to the search for elements of national identification); as well as publications dedicated to history.

The history programs in the secondary education of most of the countries were designed as an essential part of the curriculum. The elitism of the secular republican school was characterized by the aggregation of history present in the French lycées since 1830, which was a social prestige incomparable with similar positions in other educational systems.

This institutionalization process was followed by the specialization and subdivision of the discipline with different temporal biases (of questionable application outside of Western civilization: ancient, medieval, modern, contemporary history - the latter two, common in French or Spanish historiography, not They are usually subdivided into Anglo-Saxon historiography: modern era—), spatial (national, regional, local, continental history —of Africa, Asia, America, Europe, Oceania—), thematic (political, military, institutional history , economic and social, social movements and political movements, civilizations, women, daily life, mentalities, ideas, culture), sectoral histories linked to other disciplines (art history, music, nature, religions, law, science, medicine, economics, political science, political doctrines, technology), or focused on any type of particular issue (history of electricity, democracy, the Church, unions, operating systems, the —literary forms of the Bible—, etc.).

Given the atomization of the field of study, different proposals have also been made that consider the need to overcome these subdivisions with the search for a holistic perspective (history of civilizations, total history or universal history) or its reverse approach (microhistory); without forgetting the new academic and interdisciplinary field of Big History as "the attempt to understand in a unified way, the History of the Cosmos or Universe, the Earth, Life and Humanity", covering the history from the Big Bang to the History of the current world. It examines long-lasting times using a multidisciplinary approach based on the combination of numerous disciplines of science and the humanities that study the past, Historical-Sciences, and explores human existence in the context of a broader panorama, which in relation to the present alludes to time and chronology, being taught in universities and schools.

The National History Award (from Chile —biannually, to a personality— and from Spain —to a work published each year—) and the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences (to a personality in the field of history, geography or other social sciences) are the highest awards for historical research in the Spanish-speaking world, while in the Anglo-Saxon world there is one of the versions of the Pulitzer Prize. Theodor Mommsen was the first winner of the Literature Prize, in 1901, and the second winner, in1953. The economics prize was awarded to Robert Fogel and Douglass North in 1993 and is considered to be a more typical example of history being a social science. The Pfizer Prize of the History of Science Society was established in the year of 1958.

A cash amount and a medal are included in the prize. This award is given to a book that tells the story of science. The most important books on the history of science are the ones that are published every year.

The International Prize for Historical Sciences is the most prestigious international prize in History awarded by the International Committee of Historical Sciences (International International Committee of Historical Sciences / Comité international des sciences historiques), the international association of Historical Sciences founded in Geneva on May 1926, which, since 2015, has awarded the CICH International History Prize, Jaeger-LeCoultre, to the "historian who has distinguished himself in the field of History through his works, publications or teaching, and has contributed significantly to the development of historical knowledge. The winner of the "Nobel Prize" in Historical Sciences is selected by a jury from a pool of excellent and highly qualified candidates. Only the CISH's national committees or its international affiliated organizations can present candidates.

The teleological ends of man in history should not be confused with the ends of history, that is, the justification of history as a memory of humanity. History can't be ignored because it's in charge of studying social processes and explaining the facts and events of the past, either through knowledge itself or because they help us understand the present.

Cicero and Cervantes both called history the mother of truth, and Cicero was the teacher of life. 7]

Benedetto Croce said that his history is contemporary and that he has a strong involvement of the past. Studying the events and processes of the human past is useful in understanding the present and raising possibilities for the future.

The memory of the events of the past occupies a prominent place due to its great utility, as was stated by Sallustio.

A widely spread cliché (attributed to Jorge Santayana) warns that peoples who do not know their history are doomed to repeat it, although another cliché (attributed to Karl Marx) indicates that when it is repeated it does so once as tragedy and the second as farce.

The importance of this is based on the fact that history is one of the sciences in which the research subject coincides with an object to be studied.

Hence the great responsibility of the historian: history has a projection into the future due to its transforming power as a tool for social change; and to the professionals who manage it, the historians, what Marx said about the philosophers is applicable (until now they have been in charge of interpreting the world and what it is about is transforming it). However, from another perspective, a disinterested investigation is intended for objectivity in historical science. Although getting to know the facts as they were, as Leopold Ranke claimed, is impossible, it is an imperative of historical research to get as close as possible to that objective. , and also to do it with such a perspective that places the facts in their context, so that to factual knowledge is added the understanding of what really happened; and although it is inevitable that biases of all kinds alter the way in which such understanding is produced, at least be aware of what they can be and to what degree they act.

The set of techniques and methods proposed to describe the historical events that have occurred and been recorded is known as Historiography.

The historical method and submission to the typical requirements of the scientific method are required for the correct historiography. The literary production of historians is also called historiography.

The identification of the concept of history with the written narration of the past produces, on the one hand, its confusion with the term historiography (history is called both the object studied, the science that studies it, and the document resulting from that study); and on the other, it justifies the use of the term prehistory for the period prior to the appearance of writing, reserving the name history for the later period.

According to this restrictive use, most of humanity remains outside of history, not so much because they do not have personal access to reading and writing (illiteracy was the common condition of the vast majority of the population, even for the ruling classes, until the printing press), but because those reflected in the historical discourse have always been very few, and entire groups remain invisible (the lower classes, women, dissenters who cannot access the written record), which has been the object of concern of some historians the reconstruction of the vision of the defeated and history from below.

A large number of peoples and cultures that have no history, are the same thing.

They are idealized by the topic because they are happy. They enter it when their contact, usually destructive, occurs with a civilization. They are not the object of history at that time but of a different type of history, which was made from the written sources produced by the colonizing peoples in opposition to the indigenous peoples.

However, regardless of whether historians and anthropologists are ideologically ethnocentric (Eurocentric, Sinocentric or indigenous) or, conversely, multiculturalist or cultural relativist, there is the possibility of obtaining or reconstructing a reliable account of the events that affect a human group using other methodologies: archaeological sources (material culture) or oral history. This difference is artificial, and not necessarily new, as Herodotus cannot but use this type of documentary sources when writing what is considered the first History in Greece from the 5th century to. The memory of the actions of men and the great undertakings undertaken by the Greeks and the barbarians do not fall into oblivion, and this is because of the conflict that put these two towns in the fight.

Thus begins his work entitled Ἱστορίαι (read históriai, literally "investigations", "explorations", Latinized Historiae —"Historias", in the plural—), seminal for historical science, and which is usually called in Spanish The nine books of history. The fight is between the medical wars and the barbarians.

The theory of history is a set of explanations, methods and theories about how, why, and to what extent certain historical events and socio political trends occur in certain places and not in others. The DRAE defines the term as the study of the structure, laws and conditions of historical reality.

The philosophy of history should not be confused with historiology or hisography.

The branch of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human history is called the philosophy of history. He wondered if a teleological end to its development was possible, and if there was a purpose or finality to the process of human history. There is more discussion about the function of historical knowledge within knowledge.

There is a debate about whether the object of history should be a historical truth, or if it should be a linear and historical development that departs from the beginning. It has been discussed if it is possible to talk about the idea of positive progress.

There is no universal agreement on the periodization of history, although there is an academic consensus on the periods of the history of Western civilization, based on the terms initially coined by Cristóbal Celarius (Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages), who put the world Greco-Roman classic and its Renaissance as the determining facts for the division; and which is currently of general application.

Technological evolution presents two great caesuras in the past of humanity: the Neolithic revolution and the industrial revolution, which allows us to speak of three great periods: the one characterized by the exclusivity of hunter-gatherer societies, the pre-industrial and the industrial (sometimes the adjective postindustrial is used for the most recent period of history).

The problem of periodization is to make it coherent in both diachronic and synchronic terms, so that it is valid both for the passage of time in a single place and for what happens in different spatial areas.

Fulfilling both requirements is difficult when the phenomena that cause the beginning of a period in one place (especially the Near East, Central Asia or China) take time to spread or arise endogenously in other places, which in turn may be more or less close and connected (like Western Europe or sub-Saharan Africa), or more or less distant and disconnected (like America or Oceania). Periodization models include periods of overlap or transition between periods that begin and end. Different types of graphic representation of the succession of events and processes in time and space are helpful in the teaching of history. 12]

Some charges will come through as an alternative trading name for the company or list the location where the company is headquartered, rather than the location of your purchase.

Also, the naming conventions that try to offer clarification may be more challenging for some vendors. According to Visa’s Merchant Data Standards, the name must convey both the name most prominently displayed by the merchant and the merchant’s “Doing Business As” (DBA) name. While the chosen name may make sense at the moment of purchase, when your bill arrives 28 days later, that food truck purchase at Señor Burrito can show up on your statement as parent company ABC Incorporated.

Another issue is that transaction data is limited to 25 characters. For most merchants this length should be sufficient, but when it’s not, some interesting abbreviations come into play. Some transactions may also require that supplemental data is included in those 25 characters. Sometimes, websites that redirect you to a different payment processor may include a combination of both companies. For example, you may have noticed that DoorDash charges appear on your statement with the name of the restaurant. While both of these names help contextualize your order, not all purchases are that clear.

A quick online search of the merchant’s name exactly as it appears on your statement will likely generate some clarity. Chances are good that if you didn’t recognize a transaction, others had a similar experience. You can often find enough information from an online search to identify the merchant in question, including their phone number.

If you still need more information, log into your account. Some credit card providers offer additional information online or within their apps. Chase, for instance, offers expanded merchant details on the transaction line within your recent activity. You may find the website and phone number of the merchant.

While you’re reviewing your statement, check the category assigned to the charge. A $4 transaction titled simply “Wagon Road” may not make sense, but in conjunction with the category of “Travel” could remind you that it was for a parking garage.

Often the most challenging element of identifying a purchase is due to the amount of time that’s lapsed since you made the charge. Look at the other transactions from that same date and check to see what else you did on that day. You may be able to identify the purchase by putting it in the context of your own schedule.

Check with any authorized users on the account to see if they made the purchase. Ask if there’s anyone in your household who may have borrowed your card. Life is busy, they may have even asked for permission and you forgot the conversation. The purchase could be an accident as well. If you share a computer or ordered items on a website before, your payment information may be saved as the default payment method.

If you’re still stumped, reach out to the merchant by phone. Some cards include the merchant phone number right on the transaction line of your statement. To save room, the hyphens are often removed, so it may simply appear to be a string of 10 numbers.

Similar to the online search, if you’re confused by the merchant name, it’s likely people have called before. Mention that you do recognize the purchase on your card statement and ask if they can tell you more about their company and what they sell.

If you don’t see a phone number on your bill, call the number on the back of your card and ask them for help getting contact information for a particular merchant.

The Fair Credit Billing Act protects you against unauthorized charges and billing errors. Depending on which issue you have, your first step may be different.

If you were double billed or you suspect a math error, contact the merchant directly and explain the issue. In many cases, the merchant can correct the mistake on their end. If they can, your problem will be resolved much more quickly.

If the merchant is unwilling to correct the issue, you can reach out to your card provider for additional support.

If you still don’t recognize the charge after investigation or if you identified a fraudulent charge, contact your card provider to request a chargeback and begin the dispute process. You can initiate a transaction dispute online or by calling the phone number on the back of your card.

For most card providers, this action will be enough, although you will need to provide additional information and may be asked for supporting documentation. The Federal Trade Commission also recommends providing a written letter disputing the charge to cover your bases.

That said, all major card companies offer zero liability protection for unauthorized charges, so you can rest at ease.

It’s not only useful for budgeting, but if you have a record of all your spending you can easily reference what you bought on a given day. This can save you a lot of time and hassle the next time you don’t recognize a purchase.

If your card was accessed by someone you know, without your permission, take a few extra steps to protect your card information. Remove your credit card info from any electronic wallets like Apple Pay, Google Pay or Samsung Pay. Change your password for online payment processors or remove your card as a saved payment method

If you choose to remove an authorized user, you can call the number of the back of your card and initiate that process.

It’s a good idea to review the transaction history on your statement each month. In most cases, you have 60 days from the date of the bill to report fraudulent activity. Reading your credit card bill each month will ensure you catch any mistakes right away.