Nusrat Debnath

You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a bibliography or reference list at the end. Make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas and quotation marks).

Chicago Reference Generator

First, you need to decide whether you are using notes or author-date in-text citations. You can usually find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use.

The notes and bibliography system is usually preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.

The styles are similar in the information they present, but they differ in terms of the order, location, and format of that information. It’s important to use one style consistently, and not to confuse the two.

Author-date style places citations directly in the text in parentheses. In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and if applicable, a page number or page range:

This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.

When using author-date, you should always include a reference list with an entry corresponding to each citation. This provides the reader with full publication information to locate the source.

The author-date style gives you some flexibility in where you place your citations in the text.

Most commonly, you will put the citation at the end of the relevant sentence (before the period). You can also integrate it into the sentence. If you name the author in your sentence, you only need to include the date and page number in parentheses.

Multiple citations can also be combined within one set of parentheses using a semicolon.

As you can see in the Valentine citation, it’s not always necessary to include a page number—only when you’re referring to a specific part of the text. If you want to cite the text as a whole, you can leave out the page number.

In notes and bibliography style, your citations appear in either footnotes or endnotes.

To create a Chicago footnote or endnote reference, a superscript number is placed at the end of the clause or sentence that the citation applies to, after any punctuation (periods, quotation marks, parentheses). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on.

These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes containing the actual citation.

There are two types of note you can use in Chicago style: full and short.

You should usually use a full note the first time you cite each source. If you cite the same source more than once, use a short note for each subsequent citation. You may also use “ibid.” to repeat the citation from the previous note, but short notes are the more usual choice.

The rules of your specific institution may vary, requiring you to use one of the two note styles every time. It’s important to check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

This is what a full and short note for the same citation might look like:

The format of the note varies depending on the type of source. Below you can see examples of a Chicago website citation, book citation, book chapter citation, and journal article citation.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to, while endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the Chicago style bibliography.

The citation looks exactly the same whether it appears in a footnote or an endnote. If you haven’t been told which one to use, the choice is a matter of personal preference. The important thing is to consistently use one or the other.

In both styles, when you cite a source with two or three authors, list the names in the order they appear in the original publication:

When a source has four or more authors, use the term “et al.” after the first author’s name:

Sometimes, not all of the information you need for your citation will be available. Thankfully, there are ways to work around this in both styles.

Page numbers are not always necessary; if the source doesn’t have page numbers (e.g., a website), or if you’re referring to the general argument of a text instead of a specific passage, you can omit page numbers.

If a source has no page numbers but you still want to specify a particular part of the text, you can use other locators like paragraphs, chapters or headings instead—whatever markers the text provides:

If the source doesn’t have a stated publication date, you can write “n.d.” in place of the year:

If no specific author is listed, you can refer to the organization that published the source:

While you might have spent months and months planning the perfect nursery, chances are, your little one snoozed in your bedroom from the start. That’s because room sharing is convenient, making nighttime breastfeeding easier—and the practice of room sharing (not bed sharing) has been shown to help reduce a baby’s chances of infant sleep death. But if you’re wondering when’s the best time to move your baby to their own room, I’ve got some answers for you!

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends sharing a room with your baby for at least the first 6 months. That’s because having your baby’s bassinet in your bedroom—and close to your bed—can decrease their risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by as much as 50%.

When’s the best time to move a baby to their own room? There’s no clear cut answer, but from my experience, I recommend moving your baby into their own room when they’re around 6 to 7 months old. After 7 months, babies become so much more tuned into the particulars of their surroundings and may have a harder time adjusting to the change of environment.

Also, by the time most babies are 8 months old, they suddenly notice—and really care—if there’s no one nearby when they wake. So, your baby can grow upset if they’re used to having company in their room, but now find themselves totally alone. This kind of separation worry is especially stressful for babies with a sensitive or cautious temperament. (Learn what type of temperament your baby has.)

For some parents, it can be really hard not to wake up to every little squeal and grunt your baby makes! If your baby is 6 months or older, consider moving them to their own room. If your baby is 6 months old or younger, turn on white noise to help mask these normal baby sounds. As a sleepytime bonus: White noise will also help to lull your baby (and you!) to sleep. And don’t worry: White noise will not muffle your baby’s cries. If your baby’s noises are keeping you up despite plating white noise, chat with your pediatrician for guidance on relocating your little one before the 6-month mark. While it’s ideal to room share with your baby for at least 6 months, having a well-rested parent is important! (PS: SNOO, complete with it’s safe swaddling, all-night rocking, and responsive white noise, has been shown to add 1 to 2 hours of sleep each night.)

I would never recommend moving your baby to their own room if I believed it would increase their risk of SIDS. The AAP notes that infant sleep-related deaths are highest in Baby’s first 6 months of life, making room sharing (without bed sharing) during this vulnerable time is especially important. The benefit of sharing a room longer is less concrete. In fact, research in the journal Pediatrics suggests that families tend to engage in more unsafe sleep practices when room-share goes beyond early infancy. To continue to help protect your growing baby from SIDS while they snooze in their own room…

As with all baby transitions, like going from two naps to one or trading the bottle for the sippy cup—expect some trial and error. To set you up for success, here are my best tips to ease your baby’s move to their own room:

For a lot of parents, moving Baby to their own room coincides with transitioning their baby from SNOO to crib. If that’s the case, remember the same advice from above:  Build relaxing and happy memories in your baby’s nursery during the day with quiet play, storytime, and snuggles before you move your baby to their room. It’s also important to follow my three-step process for weaning Baby from SNOO. Learn how to wean from SNOO.

1. Bronchodilators Bronchodilators relax muscles around the airways to open them up
2. Steroids
3. Oxygen therapy
4. Humidifier
5. Pulmonary rehabilitation
6. Breathing techniques
7. Vaccines

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· 2018 · Cited by 1 A common technique for collecting airway samples is transoral tracheal wash (TOTW) (1) A TOTW is performed under general anesthesia by placing a sterile