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Auditory processing disorder (APD), also known as Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD), refers to a condition that impacts the brain’s ability to filter and interpret sounds.

People with APD have normal hearing abilities, but their brains have a hard time receiving, organizing, and making sense of sound. Auditory processing disorder is typically diagnosed in school-aged children.

APD is somewhat controversial – much debate continues among scientists today about diagnostic criteria for APD, and whether it should be considered a distinct disorder at all.1

Given these issues, estimates of APD’s prevalence rates vary considerably, from 0.5 to 7 percent of the population and even more.2 APD’s symptoms (see more below) also overlap with that of other conditions and disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or ADD) and learning disabilities.

Individuals with APD experiences difficulties in these four areas of auditory skill, according to the National Center for Learning Disabilities3:

[Could You Have Auditory Processing Disorder? Take This Symptoms Screener] [Think Your Child Has APD Symptoms? Take This Test]

Common signs of APD, according to the American Academy of Audiology4, include:

The symptoms of APD can impact listening and communication skills, and they may make academic success difficult to achieve. The same applies to adults with APD, who may show difficulties with telephone conversations, following directions, and other issues in the workplace 5.

There is considerable overlap between APD and ADHD symptoms. They include 6:

[Free Download: Does My Child Have Auditory Processing Disorder?]

One dated study even suggests that 50 percent of individuals diagnosed with APD also meet criteria for ADHD 7. Some experts also believe that APD is simply part of the sensory processing deficits typically experienced by individuals with ADHD (one study that may contribute to this belief, for example, found that children with ADHD who take stimulant medications for treatment do better in hearing and listening tests compared to children with ADHD who took no medication 8). Still, most contend that APD and ADHD are separate disorders, especially given key differences in executive functioning (EF) skills (APD is not strongly tied to EF deficits, while ADHD is) and the parts of the brain associated with each condition 6.

APD’s causes are unclear, but the condition is thought to be either:

Auditory processing disorder is not listed in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The symptoms commonly associated with APD, however, tend to fall under the DSM-5’s language disorder diagnosis category.

Audiologists, psychologists, and speech-language pathologists screen for APD using a battery of tests that examine the patient’s auditory discrimination, processing, attention, memory and more4. These tests, for example, may ask patients to listen to tones and identify whether they are high or low, and listen to audio input and repeat back what they heard10. Clinicians also make sure to rule out hearing loss and other conditions that may be causing the symptoms.

Patients should be at least 7 years old by the time of evaluation, according to guidelines from the American Academy of Audiology, as the cognitive functions that are involved in testing are usually still developing in younger children4.

Auditory processing disorder is considered a lifelong condition. Treatment for APD consists of skills training to reorganize and improve the way the brain processes sound, as well as interventions and accommodations in the classroom, in the workplace, and at home. Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), APD is considered a specific learning disability, characterized by a disorder “that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen.”

While interventions are available for individuals of all ages with APD, experts agree that early diagnosis and treatment are better for symptom outlook, given the brain’s increased plasticity at young age4.

Auditory training includes a variety of exercises that target specific deficits directly, or via “compensatory” strategies. Therapy can range from computer-assisted software programs, like Fast ForWord and Earobics, to one-on-one training with a speech and language therapist. Some therapy techniques include3:

Treatment schedules vary, but many clinicians meet patients for therapy about four times a week for up to half an hour11.

Possible APD accommodations for the classroom, the office, and at home include 4 9 12 :

[Read This Next: Where to Go for Help with Auditory Processing Disorder]

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