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The answer is C, but there is a bit of truth to all of the choices. Starting even before we are born, female eggs have a surprisingly long journey to mature and reach ovulation. Let’s break it down.

Women are born with all the eggs for their entire lifetime. In contrast to men, who produce new sperm throughout their lives, women don’t produce new eggs after birth. The eggs lay dormant in the ovaries for years, until they are initiated into the maturation process that takes just one of them to ovulation-ready stage each month.

In the last 15 years, a few studies have identified ovarian stem cells, hinting at the possibility that women may keep making eggs throughout their lives from ovarian stem cells. However, this new theory has been challenged, partially because other research teams have been unable to reproduce the results. While some scientists consider this a possibility, a 2020 study that examined 24,000 cells in the ovarian cortex could not identify a single ovarian stem cell that may become new eggs.  As of now, the consensus is that women probably don’t produce new eggs.

Egg production begins before women are born. In fact, we reach the peak of egg count when we are still in the uterus, at around 20 weeks after conception. At that stage, female fetus may have as many as 6-7 million immature eggs in the ovaries. By the time babies are born, the pool of immature eggs has shrunk to 1-2 million on average.

After birth, more eggs are lost to apoptosis. Scientists have estimated around 200,000 eggs remain in our ovaries by puberty.

Once women reach puberty and menstrual cycles set in, a handful of immature eggs are “recruited” each month into the process of maturation. Most of the eggs that starts the process do not reach ovulation, with (usually) just one egg reaching full maturation each cycle. In the entire female reproductive lifespan, roughly 400-450 will ever reach ovulation. At menopause, scientists estimate about 1,000 eggs remaining in the ovaries.

As many of us know, female egg count declines gradually in our teens and 20s, then starts a more rapid decline at around age 35. This is one reason female fertility declines with age – there simply aren’t as many eggs with potential to become a baby. The other side of the coin is the quality of these eggs, which takes us to how immature eggs develop once they are “recruited” into the maturation process.

Just like a sperm cell, each egg cell needs one set of 23 chromosomes, so that an embryo from an egg and a sperm would have the correct two sets of 23 chromosomes. A special type of cell division called meiosis produces egg cells with one set of chromosomes, ensuring the accuracy of this genetic math.

Eggs go through two cycles of meiotic cell division. The first meiosis starts in utero, but stops before birth. From birth until the time each egg is activated to begin the final maturation process, the immature egg is held in a state of little to no biological activity. A group of cells called granulosa cells surround the immature egg, providing structural support. This dormant period – called meiotic arrest – can last up to 50 years in humans.

After puberty, a handful of immature eggs start their final maturation journey toward ovulation. This is called ovarian follicle maturation or recruitment. Once recruited, eggs (called primary oocytes at this stage) and follicles (the fluid-filled sacks that hold the eggs and support cells) grow in size, shape and function.

This maturation process is tightly controlled by the endocrine system. Numerous reproductive hormones (including androgens, surprisingly) activate and inhibit processes at precise moments to ensure the healthy maturation of eggs.

For example, follicles develop receptors to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at this stage, which will later drive the eggs’ maturation process. Eggs resume the first cycle of myosis, and once complete, primary oocytes become secondary oocytes with just one set of chromosomes.

Right after the first cycle of meiosis is complete, the eggs start the next phase of meiosis. At this point, the eggs are called secondary oocyte. However, they are again held in meiotic arrest until fertilization. It takes 45-60 days from the initial recruitment to the secondary follicle stage – and another 45-60 days until a single egg from the same cohort to reach ovulation.

Because our eggs age with us, some age-related egg damage may be inevitable. However, some reproductive endocrinologists think that the immature eggs held in dormant state are much less vulnerable to damages than other cells with active metabolism.

In addition, studies have suggested that the 90- to 120-day maturation process may be a window of opportunity to support egg health, whether by supporting the production of cellular energy necessary to drive the biological processes involved in egg maturation, by providing antioxidant protection to metabolically active eggs, or by potentially supporting the hormonal environment of the ovaries.

The key is to realize that the process is longer than a single menstrual cycle. If you get pregnant in November, for example, the egg that become the embryo in November probably started its journey toward ovulation in August – or even earlier. It makes sense to start early once pregnancy enters your mind.

Screen mirroring on Roku devices and Roku TVs is a popular feature that has been around for years.

But much has changed with how you can enable screen mirroring with your iPhone, Windows PC or Android smartphone.

You no longer have to dig through the “Settings” tab on your Roku to start mirroring to your TV. Roku also supports limited casting capabilities for Netflix and YouTube.

Here is everything you need to know about screen mirroring to your TV with Roku.

Screen mirroring allows TV viewers to essentially duplicate or “mirror” video and images on a smartphone, tablet or PC to a Roku streaming device or Roku TV.

Roku devices and Roku TVs let you watch live TV, on-demand streaming services and even local channels.

But you may have photos or videos on your iPhone or Android smartphone that you want to see on your TV.

Likewise, you may want to use the Netflix or HBO Max app on your phone or tablet instead of Roku.

The screen mirror mode is often confused with “casting”, which is a feature made famous by Chromecast devices.

On October 2, 2014, Roku introduced screen mirroring in beta on a limited number of Android and Windows devices. Currently, Roku OS 7.7 or higher is required for screen mirroring.

Most new Roku streaming devices support the screen mirror feature, but you should always update your software before trying it out.

Roku TVs made by Hisense, TCL, Sanyo, Sharp and others also support screen mirroring. These instructions apply to Roku and all Roku TV models.

These steps will work for any Android smartphone, including Samsung Galaxy models, and Google Pixel phones.

To quickly start the screen mirroring process, go to the “Settings” tab on your Android phone.

1) Make sure that your Roku is connected to the same WiFi network as your Android smartphone.

2) Under the Android smartphone settings, navigate to and select the “Smart View” icon.

3) Select the Roku you want to connect to and the “Start Now” tab on your phone, if prompted.

4) On your TV screen, Roku will ask to “Always Allow”, “Allow”, “Block” or “Always Block” the Android phone.

5) Choose “Allow” or “Always Allow” to mirror the smartphone on Roku or Roku TV.

Once you see your smartphone screen on TV, you are free to navigate to any app.

Roku has simplified the screen mirroring process compared to years past. You no longer have to navigate through the Roku’s settings tab to start mirroring a smartphone or tablet.

If you are using screen mirroring to watch a video on YouTube or a streaming service, your smartphone may ask if you want to “change aspect ratio”.

In other words, the smartphone wants to know if you want a horizontal screen like you would have on a TV. To stop mirroring, just tap the “Smart View” icon again on your Android smartphone.

If your Android smartphone doesn’t have a “Smart View” icon, you may have similar mirroring features such as “display mirroring”, AllShare Cast, Quick Connect or SmartShare.

iPhone and iPad users can use Apple AirPlay and HomeKit support instead of using the screen mirroring option on Roku.

The AirPlay icon can be found in the upper right hand corner of your iPhone or iPad screen. With some apps, you may not see the AirPlay icon right away.

When I opened the Discovery+ app on my iPad, there was no AirPlay tab to be found. After I selected a program to watch, the AirPlay tab became available in the upper right hand corner of the iPad screen.

After you enable AirPlay by tapping the icon, an AirPlay Passcode will appear on the TV screen. Enter the four-digit code onto your iPad or iPhone screen, if prompted.

To disconnect from Airplay, you can press the home button of the Roku remote control.

Screen mirroring your Windows 10 or Windows 11 PC to a Roku starts on your PC or laptop. Make sure your Windows PC and Roku are connected to the same Wi-Fi network.

1) Click on the Start icon tab at the bottom of the screen of your Windows PC or laptop, and click on the Settings icon.

2) Under the Settings Menu, choose the “System” tab, then “Display” tab.

3) On Windows 11, select the “Display” or “Multiple Displays” menu to find the “Connect to a wireless display” option, and click on the “Connect button”.

4) On Windows 10, scroll to the bottom of the “Display” screen and select the “Connect to a wireless display” option.

5) On your PC, select the Roku device you want to connect to that appears on your list of available devices. On the Roku or Roku TV screen, select “Allow” or “Always Allow” if prompted.

The Windows PC will now be wirelessly connected to your Roku device for screen mirroring. To disconnect the two devices, look for the “Disconnect” button on your PC display. Older Windows PCs that have Miracast support screen mirroring as well.

Casting Netflix or YouTube from a smartphone to a Roku or Roku TV is supported. Based on my testing of a dozen apps, casting support appears to be very limited.

You may have an app on your phone that supports casting, but it may not be supported by Roku.

So for example, the mobile apps for Paramount Plus and Showtime both support casting to a TV. But Roku will not come up as a choice when you press the casting icon.

Casting Netflix essentially launches the Netflix app already on your Roku. Netflix may not launch directly to the show or movie you chose on your phone right away. But the program will eventually appear.

Even after you disconnect your phone from casting, you still might be in the Netflix app on Roku. Simply grab your Roku remote control and hit the home button to get back to Roku’s main menu.

The difference between screen mirroring on Roku and casting apps can be confusing for some TV viewers. Here are some frequently asked questions from Roku owners about using the screen mirror function.

The quickest way to turn on screen mirroring with a Roku or Roku TV is with your mobile device or tablet. For Android phones, press the “Smart View” icon under settings. iPhones and iPads can launch an app on their iOS device and use AirPlay to mirror the screen.

Yes. On an Android smartphone, you can hit the “Smart View” tab under settings, and select your Roku TV on the phone’s screen. On the TV screen, use your Roku remote control to click on the “Allow” or “Always Allow” to begin mirroring your device.

With an iPhone, it’s basically the same process except you use the Apple AirPlay button on your iOS device. In both cases, your devices and Roku need to be connected to the same Wi-Fi network.

Roku now allows iPhones and iPads to use Apple Airplay and HomeKit as an alternative to screen mirroring.

Launch the iPhone or iPad app you want to use, and press the AirPlay icon at the top of your screen. Accept your Roku device or Roku TV when prompted on your iPhone or iPad to begin mirroring to your TV.

You can use the “Smart View” tab on Android devices, and Apple AirPlay with iPhones and iPads to screen mirror HBO Max to a Roku or Roku TV.

To screen mirror Disney Plus to Roku, use the “Smart View” tab on Android devices. iPhones and iPads can use AirPlay to screen mirror Disney Plus to a Roku or Roku TV.

You don’t have to use screen mirror mode to share photos, music or video from your smartphone or tablet.

The Roku app for mobile has a “Play on Roku” option. It is essentially a screen cast option that can tap into your phone’s entire photo or video collection in a few clicks.

1) Open the Roku app on your mobile device or tablet.

2) Tap on the “Devices” icon in the right bottom of the screen.

3) Tap the “Media” tab and select from “Music”, “Photos”, “Video” and “Screensaver” folders.

You should make sure that your Roku is designated as “Connected” under the Device tab. Once connected, you can swiped through your photo folders and pick what photo you want to share on your Roku home screen.

Not every Roku or Roku TV support screen mirror, but most do.

If you have having trouble using screen mirroring mode on Roku, go to Settings, select System and Software update. Select the “Check Now tab, and try screen mirror again after your Roku or Roku TV updates its software.

Make sure your internet connection is working if you have trouble updating your software.

Most Roku TVs and Roku devices, including Roku Ultra, Roku Streaming Sticks and Roku Premiere support screen mirroring. Generally speaking, you want Roku OS 7.7 or higher to use screen mirror.

Here is a list of model numbers that support and do not support screen mirror mode.

Roku Express+ (model 3910): Screen mirroring is only supported on the HDMI output. It is not supported on the composite, or A/V output.

Roku Express: Screen mirroring is not supported on model 3700. Screen mirroring is supported on models 3960, 3930, and 3900.

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