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The start codon is preceded by a 5' untranslated region. This includes the ribosome binding site in prokaryotes.

Alternative start codons are different from the standard AUG codon and can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Even if the codon doesn't have a different amino acid, alternate start codons are still translated as Met. This is because a separate transferRNA is used for initiation.

There are alternate start codons that are rare. However, naturally occurring non-AUG start codons have been reported for some cellular mRNAs. Seven out of the nine possible single-nucleotide substitutions at the AUG start codon of dihydrofolate reductase are functional as translation start sites in mammalian cells. In addition to the canonical Met-tRNA Met and AUG codon pathway, mammalian cells can initiate translation with leucine using a specific leucyl-tRNA that decodes the CUG codon.

The CAG start codon is used by the icans.

The prokaryotes use alternate start codons. The common ancestor theory has been shown to be false by the study of alternate start codons and their frequencies.

coli uses a lot of AUG, a lot of GUG, and one or two others.

The coding regions that don't have AUG initiation codons are lacI and lacA in the E. coli lac operon. Two more studies have shown that 17 or more non-AUG start codons can initiate translation.

Many examples with codons, systematic range, and citations are given in the NCBI list of translation tables.

The alternative start codons are upstream of the regular start codons and could be used as alternative start codons. More than half of all human mRNAs have at least one AUG codon upstream in their annotated translation initiation starts, according to the current versions of the human RefSeq sequence. Their potential use as TISs could result in translation of so-called upstream Open Reading Frames (uORFs). uORF translation usually results in the synthesis of short polypeptides, some of which have been shown to be functional, e.g., in ASNSD1, MIEF1, MKKS, and SLC35A4. However, it is believed that most translated uORFs only have a mild inhibitory effect on downstream translation because most uORF starts are leaky (i.e. don't initiate translation or because ribosomes terminating after translation of short ORFs are often capable of reinitiating).

Engineered initiate tRNAs (tRNAfMet2 with CUA anticodon) have been used to initiate translation at the amber stop codon UAG. This type of engineered tRNA is called a nonsense suppressor tRNA because it suppresses the translation stop signal that normally occurs at UAG codons.

One study shows that the amber initiator tRNA does not initiate translation from UAG codons to other languages.

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The first step is to go to the official website of link.

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