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Cross-references refer readers to other parts of your document. In Microsoft Word, you can also use them to link to headings, bookmarks, tables, figures, and footnotes. This can help readers to find important details in your writing. Here, then, is a quick guide on how to cross-reference in Microsoft Word.

The first step in cross-referencing parts of a document in Microsoft Word is making sure you have something to cross-reference (e.g., headings, figures, tables). As you are drafting your document, then, think about what you might need to link.

Once you have created the items you want to cross-reference, though, you can:

This will open a menu where you can select a reference type (i.e., the document element you want to cross-reference, such as a heading, figure, or chart) and the type of text you want to use as a cross-reference (e.g., a page or paragraph number).

We’ll look at the options available here for creating cross-references below.

First, select the latter via the Reference type dropdown menu, where the options are:

The Insert reference to dropdown menu on the right-hand side of the dialogue box, meanwhile, lets you decide what kind of reference you will add.

For example, in the image below, we have selected Page number. This would add the page number of the selected heading in the place selected. If we selected Above/below, on the other hand, it would add the word above or below depending on where the reference is in relation to the item being referenced.

The options in this menu will depend on the cross-reference type (e.g., if you cross-reference a footnote or endnote, you will be able to select the note number here, whereas this isn’t available for other types of cross-references). But all you need to do is select the option most relevant to where you are adding it (e.g., if your cross-reference starts with See page…, you’ll want to add a page number).

You can also select whether to make the cross-reference a hyperlink here (this is often selected by default). Doing this means that readers can click the cross-reference text to navigate to the part of the document being referenced, which can be very useful in online copy or electronic documents.

Let’s look at how to create a cross-reference for a heading in practice:

We have now added the page number for the heading in the place selected. And clicking the hyperlinked text here would take us straight to the heading.

The other cross-reference types (numbered item, bookmark, footnote, etc.) follow the same basic format as the heading reference type, as shown above. All you need to do is adapt the process to match the reference type you want to use.

One major advantage of using the cross-reference tool in Microsoft Word, as opposed to typing out cross-references manually, is that you can update them at the click of a button. To do this:

All the usual arithmetic comparisons may be made, but many do not use standard mathematical symbolism, mostly for lack of proper keys on a standard keyboard.

There should not be space between the two-symbol Python substitutes.

Notice that the obvious choice for equals, a single equal sign, is not used to check for equality. An annoying second equal sign is required. This is because the single equal sign is already used for assignment in Python, so it is not available for tests.

Tests for equality do not make an assignment, and they do not require a variable on the left. Any expressions can be tested for equality or inequality (!=). They do not need to be numbers! Predict the results and try each line in the Shell:

An equality check does not make an assignment. Strings are case sensitive. Order matters in a list.

Try in the Shell:

When the comparison does not make sense, an Exception is caused. [1]

Following up on the discussion of the inexactness of float arithmetic in String Formats for Float Precision, confirm that Python does not consider .1 + .2 to be equal to .3: Write a simple condition into the Shell to test.

Here is another example: Pay with Overtime. Given a person’s work hours for the week and regular hourly wage, calculate the total pay for the week, taking into account overtime. Hours worked over 40 are overtime, paid at 1.5 times the normal rate. This is a natural place for a function enclosing the calculation.

Read the setup for the function:

The problem clearly indicates two cases: when no more than 40 hours are worked or when more than 40 hours are worked. In case more than 40 hours are worked, it is convenient to introduce a variable overtimeHours. You are encouraged to think about a solution before going on and examining mine.

You can try running my complete example program, wages.py, also shown below. The format operation at the end of the main function uses the floating point format (String Formats for Float Precision) to show two decimal places for the cents in the answer:

Here the input was intended to be numeric, but it could be decimal so the conversion from string was via float, not int.

Below is an equivalent alternative version of the body of calcWeeklyWages, used in wages1.py. It uses just one general calculation formula and sets the parameters for the formula in the if statement. There are generally a number of ways you might solve the same problem!

Detecting the need for if statements: Like with planning programs needing``for`` statements, you want to be able to translate English descriptions of problems that would naturally include if or if-else statements. What are some words or phrases or ideas that suggest the use of these statements? Think of your own and then compare to a few I gave: [2]