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The lines running east to west are known as lines of latitude.  The lines running north to south are known as lines of longitude.

(Related: How to Remember the Difference Between Latitude and Longitude)

While lines of latitude run across a map east-west, the latitude indicates the north-south position of a point on earth.

Lines of latitude start at 0 degrees at the equator and end at 90 degrees at the North and South Poles (for a total to 180 degrees of latitude). Therefore, the higher the value of degree of latitude, the closer it is to the North or South Pole.

Everything north of the equator is known as the Northern Hemisphere and everything south of the equator is known as the Southern Hemisphere.

A location’s latitude is expressed in degrees (°), minutes (‘), and seconds (“).

A positive latitude value indicates a location in the Northern Hemisphere, while a negative value indicates a location in the Southern Hemisphere.

Lines of latitude are called parallels and in total there are 180 degrees of latitude.  The distance between each degree of latitude is about 69 miles (110 kilometers).

(Watch this video on YouTube: Latitude and Longitude)

A parallel is a named line connecting all points along the same line of latitude.

For example, the 49th parallel marked part of the border between Canada and the U.S. that was negotiated by the United States and Britain as part of the Treaty of 1818:

The five major parallels of latitudes from north to south are called: Arctic Circle, Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, and the Antarctic Circle.

On a map where the orientation of the map is either due north or due south, latitude appears as horizontal lines.

The equator divides the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere is marks the location of 0 degrees latitude.   Latitude represents an angular distance north or south of the equator.

The equator marks the locations on earth that are equidistance from the North and South Poles.  The Equator is the only line of latitude that is a great circle, all the other lines of latitude are small circles.

Related: What is at Zero Degrees Latitude and Zero Degrees Longitude?

The equator crosses 78.7% water and 21.3% land and is about 24,901 miles (40,075 km) long.

Here’s an interesting fact: the original definition of the length of a meter in 1793 was: one ten-millionth (10⁻⁷) of the distance between the equator and the North Pole along a great circle.

The current definition of a meter is: the distance traveled by light in 1/299,792,458 of a second in a vacuum.

(Source: Agnoli, P., & D’Agostini, G. (2004). Why does the meter beat the second?. arXiv preprint physics/0412078. arXiv:physics/0412078)

The Tropic of Cancer marks the location where the sun reaches the zenith at this latitude.  The exact latitude is not a fixed point and the latest measurement for 2014 is 23° 26′ 14.675″ (23° 26′ 16″).

The summer solstice, which occurs on either June 20 or 21 of each year, marks the day on which the sun shines vertically over this parallel.

Moving every year, the Tropic of Capricorn is the parallel line of latitude that is currently located at 23° 26′ 14.440″.

The winter solstice, which occurs on either December 21 or 22 of each year, marks the day on which the sun shines vertically over this line.

The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are the parallels of latitude that are roughly 66.5 degrees (66° 33′ 44″ (or 66.5622°).

The region above the Arctic Circle, which includes the North Pole, is known as the Arctic.

The region south of the Antarctic Circle, which includes the South Pole, is known as the Antarctic.

The Horse Latitudes are found at about 30 degrees North and South of the equator.

Horse latitudes represents areas in the subtopics where prevailing winds diverge and flow towards the poles (known as westerlies) or towards the Equator (known as trade winds).

The horses latitudes are characterized by high atmospheric pressure, weak winds, and generally calm, stable weather conditions. These areas are known for their clear skies and low precipitation, which contributes to the formation of deserts at these latitudes, such as the Sahara Desert in Africa and the Mojave Desert in North America.

Legend has it that the calm winds would stall sailing ships at these latitudes for days or even weeks. In desperation, sailors would toss horses and livestock being transported to the Americas over board in an attempt to preserve drinking water supplies. This is the suggested origin of the phrase “horse latitudes”.

Longitude are lines that run north-south and mark the position east-west of a point. Therefore, latitude is the angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England.

Lines of longitude run from pole to pole, crossing the equator at right angles. All lines of longitude are equal in length. Each line of longitude also is one half of a great circle.

Unlike lines of latitude, which run parallel to the equator, lines of longitude (meridians) converge at the poles. This means that the distance between lines of longitude decreases as you move towards the poles, making them closer together than they are at the equator.

There are 360 degrees of longitude (+180° eastward and −180° westward.).

The longitude line of 0 degrees is known as the Prime Meridian and it divides the world into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.

A location’s longitude is expressed in degrees (°), minutes (‘), and seconds (“). A positive longitude value indicates a location in the Eastern Hemisphere, while a negative value indicates a location in the Western Hemisphere.

While lines of latitude are known as parallels, lines of longitude are known as meridians.

Distances that that are west of the Prime Meridian are noted with a – in front of the number (negative numbers) and distances that are east of the Prime Meridian are positive numbers (-180 degrees degrees of longitude west and 180 degrees of longitude east).

The distance between longitudes narrows the further away from the equator. As you move toward the poles, the distance between each line of longitude becomes smaller until the converge at the North and South Poles.

The distance between longitudes at the equator is the same as latitude, roughly 69 miles. At 45 degrees north or south, the distance between is about 49 miles (79 km).

The distance between longitudes reaches zero at the poles as the lines of meridian converge at that point.

Determining longitude accurately is crucial for navigation, particularly at sea.

Historically, accurate timekeeping was the key to measuring longitude, as the difference in time between a known location (usually the Prime Meridian) and the local time at an unknown location could be used to calculate the east-west distance between the two points.

In 1714, the British government established the Longitude Prize, which awarded £20,000 to anyone who could develop a practical method for accurately determining a ship’s longitude.

John Harrison, a self-taught clockmaker, eventually won the prize in 1765 with his marine chronometer, a highly accurate clock that could be used to measure longitude at sea.

The development of precise marine chronometers and, later, Global Positioning System (GPS), revolutionized the determination of longitude, making it easier for navigators and geographers to pinpoint locations on Earth.

The line of longitude where the degree is zero is known as the Prime Meridian.  Passing through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, it is also known as the Greenwich Meridian and divides Earth into two equal halves known as the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.

Related: The Prime Meridian isn’t Where You Think it is

The line on Earth where one calendar day becomes the next is known as the International Date Line (IDL) which passes through the Pacific Ocean.

The line is generally found 180 degrees from the Prime Meridian but the line circumvents some regions and islands to avoid dividing contiguous pieces of regions and countries into two separate days.

There are 23 one-hour slices and two 30 minutes slices that divide the world up into different time zones.  Traveling from east to west over the International Date Line advances the calendar by one day.

More: Geography of the International Date Line

To provide a geographic location using latitude and longitude, a pair of numbers known as coordinates are used.

Coordinates are composed of degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS). When providing coordinates, Latitude is always written first.

To provide the location of the United States Capitol building using latitude and longitude would be: 38° 53′ 35″ N, 77° 00′ 32″ W.

Decimal Degrees, which converts the minutes and seconds portion of the coordinates, is another way to write coordinates. In stead of noting the cardinal directions (N,S,W, or W) in decimal degrees, points that are west of the Prime Meridian and south of equator are preceded by a negative sign.

Therefore, the United States Capitol’s coordinates (the absolute location) in decimal degrees are 38.889722°, -77.008889°.

Many mapping programs such as Google Maps use DD.

This article was first written on January 2, 2016 and has since been updated.

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