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Lecithin supplements are often derived from soybeans, sunflower seeds, canola seeds, egg yolks, or other animal products like fish. Agricultural (growing) conditions can determine a plant-derived product's fatty acids and phospholipid amounts. Lecithin is also used in cooking as an emulsifier; it helps stabilize ingredients that don't mix easily, like oil and water.

Lecithin is added to topical (on the skin) products and to supplements and medications. It's also been used as a part of placebo (a treatment with no therapeutic value given to participants in clinical trials as part of a control group) products in randomized controlled trials.

This article examines lecithin uses, sources, and evidence for lecithin's effectiveness. It also discusses possible side effects, dosage, and what to look for when buying lecithin supplements.

Lecithin is not a single substance. It contains a group of chemicals, including phospholipids. Lecithin has been studied for its use in several conditions.

Researchers conducted a meta-analysis (collection of studies) of lecithin's effects on Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's dementia, and memory issues. While the results suggested lecithin may positively impact self-reported memory issues, results for the treatment of dementia were unclear.

Another study suggested lecithin was equivalent to about 40 milligrams (mg) per day of tacrine, an oral enzyme called acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that's used to treat Alzheimer's disease. However, the amount of lecithin is unclear.

A review suggested choline may be somewhat helpful for impairment from a head injury. While choline is a part of phosphatidylcholine which is a part of lecithin, further research is warranted in regard to the specific effects of lecithin.

More research is needed to confirm these results.

Lecithin has been suggested to have anti-inflammatory and protective effects on the cardiovascular system.

A small study found 500 mg of soy lecithin daily for two months reduced total cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (considered the “bad” cholesterol).

Larger, well-designed studies are needed to confirm these results.

Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue. It can occur in breastfeeding people. Clogged milk ducts can lead to mastitis. Some studies have found that lecithin may treat or prevent clogged milk ducts. One source suggested 1,600 mg of lecithin a day for mastitis. Further study is needed.

Please speak with your obstetrician, your child's pediatrician, or another healthcare provider before using lecithin or any other supplements during breastfeeding.

Researchers used a high (1,200 mg per day) dose or low dose (600 mg per day) of soy lecithin or placebo for eight weeks in people assigned female at birth undergoing menopause. The group getting the high dose reportedly had increased energy levels, lower diastolic blood pressure (the second number) levels, and lower cardio-ankle vascular index (a measure of atherosclerosis, the hardening of the arteries) readings.

More research is needed to confirm these results.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is characterized by uncontrolled body movements and can be due to certain neuroleptic medications used to treat neurological (brain) conditions.

Researchers conducted a meta-analysis (collection of studies) of lecithin's effects on medication-induced TD. Dosages were 20 to 35 grams (g) of lecithin that contained phosphatidylcholine daily for up to eight weeks. The size of the studies was small, and the quality was low.

Further, higher-quality studies are needed to confirm these results.

Low levels of phosphatidylcholine, a chemical found in lecithin, have been found in individuals with ulcerative colitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affecting the large intestine. Phosphatidylcholine may protect the colon from "bad" bacteria and inflammation.A meta-analysis (collection of studies) suggested 30% phosphatidylcholine-containing lecithin improved outcomes in people with ulcerative colitis.

A study gave participants either 0.8 g, 1.6 g, or 3.2 g of a supplement containing over 94% phosphatidylcholine-concentrated soy lecithin for 12 weeks. It suggested improvements in the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index, particularly in the group taking the 3.2-gram supplement.

Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Lecithin supplements are generally thought to be safe. However, it's possible to have an allergic reaction to lecithin.

Ask a healthcare provider before taking lecithin or any other supplement. This is especially important if you are taking medications of any kind or you have a health condition or allergies.

Common side effects of lecithin include the following:

Vomiting has been a severe side effect of lecithin.

Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you believe you have a side effect from lecithin.

Do keep the following precautions in mind when using lecithin:

In studies, the following dosages were used for the following conditions:

Generally, never take more than the dose suggested on the label. Please consult with your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you have any questions.

In one study, a daily dosage of up to 54 g of lecithin appeared to have no adverse effects.

If you feel you've ingested too much lecithin, seek immediate guidance from a healthcare provider.

The following interactions may occur with lecithin:

It is essential to carefully read a supplement's ingredients list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients are in the product and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.

Storage instructions vary for different products. Carefully read the directions and packaging label on the container. Keep your medications tightly closed and out of the reach of children and pets, ideally locked in a cabinet or closet. Try to store your medications in a cool and dry place.

Discard after one year or as indicated on the packaging. Avoid pouring unused and expired products down the drain or in the toilet. Visit the FDA's website to know where and how to discard all unused and expired medications. You can also find disposal boxes in your area.

Ask your healthcare provider if you have any questions about how to dispose of your medications or supplements.

If you plan to travel with lecithin, other supplements, or medications, get familiar with your final destination's regulations. Checking with the U.S. Embassy or Consulate might be a helpful resource.

Supplements similar in action to lecithin include the following:

The FDA does not regulate dietary supplements. This means their purity and safety aren't guaranteed.

Look for supplements independently tested and verified by a third party, such as the following:

These organizations certify that the supplement contains the ingredients on the label and test supplements for purity. You can also look for products from manufacturers with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs).

Food sources of lecithin include soybeans, sunflower, canola seeds, egg yolks, or other animal products like fish.

Lecithin is available in many forms, including the following:

If you follow specific dietary patterns, do check your labels for the origin of your supplements. Some lecithin products are made from animal products like fish or eggs. However, vegan/vegetarian options are available for lecithin, usually from sunflower or soy.

Lecithin contains phospholipids. It may be found in specific foods or taken as a supplement. It is said to aid in the function of the brain, nerves, and other organs.

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The news paper essay is what the above lines are from.

To start v/f VFD drive, VFD start up procedure should be followed. VFD controller sends switching sequence from VFD inverter to VFD motor. Switching sequences vary according to v/f ratio of the VFD drive.

V/f control is a type of VFD speed control system in which voltage and frequency are controlled by VFD controller and VFD inverter respectively. It is a feedback control system in which v/f controller calculates the error and then corrects it according to VFD start up procedure.

If v/f VFD drive is not working properly, v/f VFD drive fault will be shown on VFD v/f controller's display. v/f VFD drive fault can be found using VFD fault finding calculation formula. v/f VFD drive also has some VFD controls like VFD speed control, VFD positioning control and v/f VFD drive troubleshooting tips.

They are used in many types of industries, mostly the mechanical and electrical industry where they are found in servo systems, VFD-based control systems, VFD-fed inverters for traction applications (like trains), VFD's that regulate frequency for power plants, VFD's that run compressors or pumps at their best efficiency, VFD's that run the spindle on CNC machine tools for improved precision, VFD-fed inverters for welding power supplies (one of the biggest VFD applications), VFD-fed control systems that provide better speed regulation, VFD-fed welding machines and VFD's in robotics where they provide torque and speed control.

Some VFD manufacturers are:

ABB, Fuji Frenic, Emerson, Siemens, Allen Bradley and Mitsubishi

You should consider installing VFD's when you want to get the most out of your ac motor. For example, VFD's are often used on older ac motors because they get better performance from VFD's than they did with original equipment. VFDs are also installed when it is necessary to automate an ac process or improve its speed regulation.

In industry VFD's are installed for a variety of reasons. VFDs allow users to choose the speed that they want their motors to run at, and VFD's also allow process manufacturers to improve energy efficiency because VFD's can match the motor speed with an optimum electrical frequency.

Along with all this, VFD's maintain the same ac frequency as the power supply, which means it does not have to be converted from 50 or 60 Hertz frequency to a VFD's output frequency through an inverter. Therefore, VFD's reduce power consumption and help process manufacturers improve energy efficiency.

Some VFD's can also isolate electrical networks so that if one network has an issue, VFD's can disconnect it from the other networks and protect them. By doing this VFD manufacturers also help manufacturers increase safety.

The VFD is a variable speed drive and it can be used on most ac motors. However, there are certain types of ac motors that VFD's cannot be used on. VFDs cannot be used on motors that need high starting torques. VFD's also cannot be used to run induction motors or ac induction motors because the VFD produces a variable frequency output which does not vary smoothly. The VFD can only control synchronous ac motors, and VFD's should never be used on dc motors.

Most VFD manufacturers recommend VFD's to be used on three-phase motors. VFDs can also be used on single-phase motors, but VFD's are not the best choice when it comes to speed control of single-phase ac motor. VFDs can work with single-phase supplies if they are protected properly.

Most VFD manufacturers recommend VFDs to be installed near the motor in order to get improved control. VFDs are often used when it is necessary to isolate ac motor starters so that if one starter fails, VFDf will not affect all other motors on the same power distribution system.

VFDs should be mounted vertically with their cover on the top so that VFD fans or filters can easily access them for maintenance purposes.

VFD's are used to control ac motors. The VFD's input voltage (ac power supply) is reduced by the VFD transformer, rectified and filtered into dc voltage. The VFD then converts the dc voltage into adjustable frequency ac output voltage that matches the speed of the motor to be controlled. Proportional speed control is achieved by varying the VFD output frequency. VFDs can produce up to 1000 pulses per revolution of the ac motor's rotor, and VFD's provide much smoother speed regulation compared to v/f control where a v/f converter is used to regulate the voltage going into an ac motor so that its torque matches load requirements. VFD's also allow the v/f converter to be bypassed so that it can protect motors from overload conditions, v/f converters do not provide this capability.

VFDs have many advantages over v/f control motor speed regulation, benefits of vfd include: smoother motor speed regulation, less weight, lower cost and better safety. VFDs also have additional advantages which include: VFDs can be used on more kinds of ac motors, VFD's can track a load step faster than v/f control systems, VFDs do not produce any harmonics that may cause problems with downstream equipment, VFD's have built-in overload protection, VFD's can be connected to a security system for remote start and VFDs do not require an external v/f converter.

VFDs have a few disadvantages compared to v/f control systems. The first disadvantage is that VFDs cannot provide very high starting torques because the VFD's maximum torque is limited to what the VFD motor can produce. v/f control systems are still better at high torques because v/f converters use a variable frequency square wave voltage output, but VFDs do not have this drawback because v/f conversion circuitry can be used in parallel with VFD's simple variable frequency ac output. VFD's also cannot provide v/f conversion when there is no high frequency ac supply available. V/f control systems are better in these cases because v/f converters run on dc power. Motor starting torque can be increased by adding v/f converters to v/f control systems, but the v/f converter's dc power input must match the VFD's v/f converter.

When VFD's are being installed, it is important to take safety precautions. According to IndustLabs, a VFD control system company, VFDs should only be installed by qualified VFD field technicians who have obtained the correct license. Before installation, it is recommended that you consult your VFD manufacturer for specific safety guidelines regarding VFD installation and maintenance.

Uziel Salgado is a co-founder at IndustLabs. He loves learning new things, researching and curating valuable content to save you time and help you achieve your goals.

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• Select the Save in database (format) item, where format can be spatialite or postgres, depending on the database type:

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This will be picked up by the software and credited to your FTF finds. The alternative is to create a public bookmark list at Geocaching.com which lists all your FTFs. After that, go to Settings and select your bookmark list there. The list will then be parsed once per day to detect your FTFs.