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For example, when you want to loop through all the elements stored in the array to determine whether a specific value is present.

In this article, you will learn how to find the size of an array using the sizeof() operator.

Let's dive in!

Arrays let you store multiple values under the same variable name.

An array in the C programming language is a collection of items of the same data type. This means you can create an array of only integer values or an array of chars and so on.

To create an array in C, you first need to specify the data type of the values the array will store.

Then, you give the array a name followed by a pair of square brackets, [].

Inside the square brackets, you can specify the size of the array.

So, here is how you would create an array of type int called faveNumbers that will hold 5 integers:

To insert values inside the array during its declaration, use the assignment operator, =, and a pair of curly braces, {}.

Inside the curly braces, enter the items and separate each one with a comma:

The code above creates an array with the name faveNumbers that holds 5 integers, 7, 33, 13, 9, 29.

You could also write the code above as follows:

In the example above, I didn't specify the size of the array.

However, the compiler can tell that the size is 5 since I initialized it with 5 elements.

Something to note here is that you cannot change the size and type of the array once you declare it since they have a fixed length.

C does not provide a built-in way to get the size of an array.

With that said, it does have the built-in sizeof operator, which you can use to determine the size.

The general syntax for using the sizeof operator is the following:

Let's break it down:

Now, let's see this operation in action and break it down into individual steps to see how it works.

Firstly, the sizeof operator returns the total amount of memory allocated to the array in bytes.

However, the code above doesn't calculate the size of the array directly.

You will need some extra programming logic, which will look something like this:

To find the length of the array, you need to divide the total amount of memory by the size of one element - this method works because the array stores items of the same type.

So, you can divide the total number of bytes by the size of the first element in the array.

To access the first element in an array, specify the name and, in square brackets, include 0.

In programming and Computer Science in general, indexing always starts at 0, so the first element in an array will always have an index of 0.

In the above code, CopyTo method Copies the contents of the uploaded file to the target stream If using Asynchronous API then please use CopyToAsync method which helps in Asynchronously copying the contents of the uploaded file to the target stream without blocking the main thread

Full Screen : Full Screen Minimized Screen: Minimized Screen Second approach: The second approach demonstrates scaling

1. Click any single cell inside the data set.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click PivotTable. The following dialog box appears. Excel automatically selects the data for you. The default location for a new pivot table is New Worksheet.
3. Click OK.

Find the best ticket for your journey, choose from our most popular tickets and calculate the price of your ticket to purchase online or on the bus

? It has taken almost 2,000 years, but those who worship the 12 gods of ancient Greece have finally triumphed An Athens

Lima, officially (in the text of the Constitution) City of Lima, is the capital of the Republic of Peru. It is located on the central coast of the country, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, forming a extensive and populated urban area, flanked by the coastal desert and extended over the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers. The name of the place was City of Kings.

The 2022 census projection established a population of 13,943,800 inhabitants, a figure that makes it the most populous city in the country. The urban conglomerate made up of Lima and Callao, on the other hand, groups a population of 11,098,000 inhabitants distributed in fifty districts, where the province of Lima concentrates forty-three districts and the province of Callao, seven districts. The urban agglomeration is organized in cones or axes by the city.

It is considered the political, economic, industrial, cultural, financial and commercial center of the country.

Internationally, it is the fifth largest city in Latin America, the fourth by GDP, the fifth by number of inhabitants and one of the thirty most populous urban agglomerations in the world. Due to its geostrategic importance, it has been defined as a "beta+ class" global city.

On January 18, 1535, it was founded under the name of Ciudad de los Reyes by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro within the agricultural region known by the coastal natives as Limac, later as Lima, a name it acquired over time. It was the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru due to its valleys and its low altitude above sea level, replacing Jauja, which is located in the heights of the Andes.

The largest and most important city in all of South America during the colonial period was the city of Lima, and the viceroyalty served as the most relevant administrative entity of the Hispanic Monarchy. It was the capital of the free departments after independence and later the capital of the republic. The oldest university in the New World is located in Lima, it was founded in 1551 by the Spanish viceregal regime and is the most important university in the country.

Also, the oldest continuously operating business in America.

The Pan American Games were held in October of 2013 in Lima. It also hosted the United Nations Conference on Climate Change in the 2014 edition, hosted the APEC world forum in the 2008 and 2016 editions, in the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group in October 2015, the Miss Universe 1982 pageant and is scheduled to host the 2023 U-17 Soccer World Cup.

The Rímac river valley received the name of Rimaq (pronounced according to the Lambdacism pronunciation of coastal Quechua and as in the sierra variants) as a reference to the construction that today Today it is known as Huaca de Santa Ana ("guaca of the Indians of Lima who called themselves ychmas, it was a round stone". As in other place names, the final plosive ended up being eliminated when passing into the Spanish language, preferring with over time the spelling Lima after coexisting in documents with the forms Limac and Lyma.

It is very likely that the Spaniards accepted the one already used by the aboriginal communities, and changed it to another with a very similar sound from the Iberian geography. They were able to apply the name of the Lima River, which is a cross-border between Portugal and Spain, in this case.

When it was founded on January 18, it was given the name of Ciudad de los Reyes due to the proximity of the date to January 6, the day of the Three Kings and perhaps also as a tribute to the Kings of Spain: Juana I and Carlos I. However, the toponymic name of the region was always maintained, which little by little was consolidated on the foundational name, which is why the new populated center ended up being known as the city of Lima. The spelling of the river was changed according to the use of the Third Council of Limense, which is influenced by Aymara pronunciation habits.

The "Standard of the City of the Kings of Peru" is made up of a gold-colored silk canvas and has an embroidered coat of arms.

The coat of arms of Lima was granted by the Spanish Crown on December 7, 1537 through a Royal Decree signed in Valladolid by Emperor Carlos V and his mother Queen Juana I of Castilla. It consists of a main blue field. , with three gold crowns of kings placed in a triangle and on top of them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and around it some gold letters that say: Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings). Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Juana I and her son Carlos I. A star is placed on the letters and two eagles embracing them fronted with crowned sabers, which hold the shield.

On January 18, 2008, the first time the anthem was heard, it was in a solemn session attended by the then President of the country Alan Garca, the mayor of the city Luis Castaeda Lossio, and various authorities. The composer of the melody and the music producer were also involved in the creation of the hymn.

Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory made up of the valleys of the Rímac, Chillón and Lurín rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the dominion of ichma. The Maranga culture and the Lima culture were the ones that established themselves and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (present-day Puruchuco) and Pachacámac (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas).

These cultures were conquered by the Huari Empire during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of Cajamarquilla was built. Given the decline of Huari importance, the Local cultures once again acquired autonomy, highlighting the Chancay culture. Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into Tahuantinsuyo. From this time we can find a great variety of huacas throughout the city , some of which are under investigation.

The most important or well-known are those of Huallamarca, Pucllana and Mateo Salado, all located in the middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, which is why they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not hinder its perfect state of conservation.

The ruins of Pachacmac, an important religious center built 3000 years ago, are on the outskirts of the city.

The Spanish and their indigenous allies took Atahualpa prisoner in the city of Cajamarca in 1532 in order to free him. He was sentenced to death because he was paid a bribe.

The Spanish conquered his empire. Francisco Pizarro was named the governor of the lands he had conquered by the Spanish crown.

He thought that the location of the port was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a port, but far from it to prevent attacks by pirates and foreign powers. Thus, on January 18, 1535, Lima was founded with the name of "City of Kings", named in this way in honor of the epiphany, on territories that had belonged to the Taulichusco curaca. The The explanation for this name is due to the fact that «at the same time in January the Spaniards were looking for the place for the foundation of the new city, not far from the sanctuary of Pachacámac, near the Rímac river.

The City of Kings lost its name in favor of the capital city of the region. " Pizarro, with the collaboration of Nicolás de Ribera , Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally laid out the Plaza de Armas and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceregal Palace (today transformed into the Government Palace of Peru, which hence retains the traditional name of Casa de Pizarro ) and the Cathedral, whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands. In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of Manco Cápac II, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. ​

In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the seat of a Royal Audience in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the facilities of communications with Spain, very soon it became established a close link with the port of Callao.

Over the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the Americas, Europe, and East Asia. But the city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, which will give rise to a great display of construction activity.

It is then that aqueducts, cutwaters and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over the Rímac is finished, the cathedral is built (finished in 1622) and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that the city is articulated around its neighborhoods. The construction of the walls of Lima was caused by the presence of pirates and corsairs in the Pacific Ocean.

The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima, since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires. With the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717, the they organized the political demarcations again, and Lima lost only a few territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a strong earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive reconstruction effort by the Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco.

In the second half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas about public health and social control influenced the development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the Bourbon reforms as it lost its monopoly over foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of Alto Peru. This economic weakening led the city's elite to depend on offices granted by the viceregal government and the Church, which contributed to keep them more linked to the Crown than to the cause of independence.

The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new commercial traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is a rooster arena, the bullring of Acho and the General Cemetery. The first two were built to regulate these activities, centralizing them in a single place, while the cemetery ended the practice of burying the dead in churches.

General Don José de San Martn led a combined expedition of Argentine and Santiago independentistas that landed in the south of the city in 1820.

Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate the city in July 1821 to save the royalist army. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request.

The capital of the new Republic of Peru was named after General San Martn, who claimed the independence of the country in 1821. The seat of the government of the liberator and the seat of the first congress of the country was the city.

By the time the war was decided in 1824, the city of Lima had become impoverished.

After the War of Independence, the capital of the Republic of Peru was not able to grow because of the country's economic and political problems. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of guano allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of public buildings of large to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are the Central Market, the General Camal, the Mental Asylum, the Penitentiary and the Dos de Mayo Hospital. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac river, baptized as Puente Balta. In 1872 the city walls were demolished anticipating greater urban growth to future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social discontent.

The battles of San Juan and Miraflores resulted in the downfall of the Peruvian army and the takeover of the city of Lima by the Chilean army. The city was ravaged by the excesses of the invaders, who stole museums, public libraries and educational institutions.

After the war, and the withdrawal of the Chilean troops, in the last years of the 19th century, with Piérola assuming power and the beginning of what was called the Aristocratic Republic, began its true and intense reconstruction that lasted until the remodeling that Augusto Leguía carried out in preparation for the centenary of independence in 1921. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of avenues began to serve as a matrix for the development of the city. They laid out the avenues Paseo de la República, Leguía (today called Arequipa), Brasil and the landscaped Salaverry avenues that headed south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to the west, joining the port of Callao.

The Government Palace and Municipal House were renovated in the 1930s. These constructions had their peak in the 1950s, during the government of Manuel A. Odría when the great buildings of the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Education were built (Edificio Javier Alzamora Valdez, current headquarters of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima), the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and the Hospitals del Seguro Obrero and Empleado as well as the National Stadium and several large housing units. ​ Also in those years, a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of residents from the interior of the country, producing the exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion. The new Populations were settling on land near the center which were used as an agricultural area. The districts of Lince, La Victoria, Brea and Pueblo Libre to the south, and El Agustino, Ate and San Juan de Lurigancho to the east, were populated.

As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa el Salvador (current district of Villa El Salvador) was created, located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into the metropolitan area. In the In the 1980s, terrorist violence added to the disorderly growth of the city the increase in residents arriving as internally displaced persons. The historic center of the city suffered increasing deterioration and many areas of the city constantly lacked basic services.

In the foothills of the western slope of the central Andes of Peru is where the city of Lima is located.

Although it was originally founded on the Rmac river valley, it now extends over extensive desert areas and even over other valleys.

It borders the coast from km 50 of the Panamericana Norte, on the border of the district of Ancón with the province of Huaral; up to km 70 of the Panamericana Sur, on the border of the district of Pucusana with the province of Cañete; that add up to an extension of just over 130 km of coastline and beach. The Central highway goes towards the east towards the district of Lurigancho-Chosica.

The climate of the city is very different. It combines an almost total absence of precipitation with a high level of atmospheric humidity and persistent cloud cover. It is located in a tropical zone at 12 degrees south latitude and almost at sea level, which makes it surprising. The central coast of the country has a series of atypical microclimates due to the influence of the cold and cold Humboldt current that comes from the south and gives it a cool, desert and wet climate.

It has a warm climate with no excessive tropical heat or extreme cold that requires heating at home in the winter.

The average temperature is 17 to 19 C, with a summer maximum of 29 C. Only when the El Niño phenomenon occurs, the temperature in the summer season can exceed 31 °C. Winters run from June to mid-October, with temperatures ranging from 12 to 19 °C, with 8.8 °C being the lowest temperature ever recorded. The spring and fall months (November and May) , have temperate temperatures that oscillate between 17 and 23 °C.

The mist is produced by the high relative humidity and can be seen from June to October even when the clouds are less. In the summer it is warm and sunny, while in the winter it is cloudy and mild. The annual average of rain at the airport is 7mm, which is the least amount in a metropolitan area in the world.

It has rained a lot in the city before.

The phenomenon of rain occurs especially in the districts with higher altitudes such as La Molina and Lurigancho-Chosica. One of the heaviest rains that occurred in the city in the last decade was endured by the districts of La Molina, San Juan de Miraflores, Villa María del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador and Cieneguilla on April 6, 2001. The inhabitants were surprised by the heavy rain with thunder and lightning. The convective cell traveled from the mountains to enter the coast.

The last heavy rain with thunder was on May 24, 2021.

There are usually problems when the city is not prepared for rain. When a dry stream is reactivated by rain, it causes great damage. In 2002 there were avalanches in the area of ​​Huaycán and Santa María de Huachipa. Over the years there have also been some landslides in Lurigancho-Chosica and Chaclacayo. The last anomalous phenomenon in Lima of consideration it happened in January 2011, due to the arrival of clouds from the mountains to the coast, which produced intense rains in several districts of the capital. Lima has only 1,280 hours of sunshine a year, 28.6 hours in July and 179.1 hours in January, exceptionally low values ​​for latitude. From December to April, mostly clear, cloudless skies predominate; in May, and from November to December, the skies remain partly cloudy; from June to October the skies remain gray, covered almost permanently. The combination of phenomena is presented.

The water temperature can be cool by running along the coast. This is not as warm as the tropical latitude in which the city is located.

The warmer air in the upper atmosphere is prevented from rising because of a thermal inversion caused by cold conditions at sea level. The cloudiness is so low that it prevents the passage of direct solar radiation, which is caused by this and the surrounding mountain range. The lack of precipitation is due to the blocking of warm upper air that prevents the formation of vertically developing clouds. This is the reason for the desert climate and cloudy climate. The condensation from the low cloudiness that forms the system is what causes the small amount of rain known as drizzle.

In terms of morphology, the department of Lima is made up of two different regions, the coast and the mountains. In the coastal area, desert pampas predominate, framed by hills, in many cases interrupted by oases formed by rivers that carry water all year round. The most important features are isolated hills, dry ravines, fluvial and marine terraces, and undulating reliefs. The Sierra region is formed by the Western Cordillera of the Andes, with heights that reach more than 6000 m.

For its water supply, the population of Lima depends on three rivers: Rímac, Chillón and Lurín. Like most Peruvian rivers, they originate in the high mountains of the Andes and flow into the Pacific Ocean. . They are short, with a steep course and seasonal regime. The Rímac River begins its journey on the western slope of the Andes mountain range at an altitude of approximately 5508 m in the snow-capped Paca, It runs through the provinces of Lima and Huarochiri, both located in the department of Lima.

The most representative bridge is the Puente de Piedra built by Viceroy Juan de Mendoza y Luna in 1610 at the height of the city. The water treatment plant is located in a basin.

The hydroelectric plants of Moyopampa, Huinco, Huinco, and Matucana are managed by the state company.

The second most important source of water for the city is the Chilln River. The valley is fertile, as evidenced by the presence of various human settlements from pre-Hispanic times to the present. The colli culture was formed here. The Chivateros culture was established in the valley formed by the river.

The glaciers and lagoons of the western Andes are where the Lurn River begins. Its basin covers an area of ​​1,670 km² and extends from the edge of the coast to the area of ​​the snow-capped Otoshmicumán and Chanape mountains in the province of Huarochiri. It is known as the Chalilla river until its confluence with the Taquía stream from from where it gets its common name. On the left bank are the Taqua, Llacomayqui, Tinajas, and Canchahuara, while on the right bank are the Chamacna.

The flora of the capital is made up of plants that grow on hills and trees that grow in the river mountains. The amancay is the typical flower of the city, it is endemic to the coastal hills of Peru and only appears in the cold and cloudy season. Other species that are part of the Lima flora are the begonia, the nettle, ficus, ponciana, elephant ear, olive and geranium. As for fauna, in the city you can find more than a hundred different species of birds. The most common They are the domestic pigeon or pigeon of Castilla, the cuculí, the goldfinches and the sparrows.

The National Service of Natural Areas protected by the State protects the two natural areas of the city of Lima. The natural wetlands of Los Pantanos de Villa allow the transit of migratory and resident birds. A lot of flora not seen in other areas have been found in the area, so it was named a reserved area.

The first ACR in the city was established in the year of 2019: the Lomas de Lima System. It is expected that other hills such as Mangomarca, Lcumo, Collique, and others will be included in the future.

The seat of the three powers that make up the Peruvian State is the capital city of the Republic of Peru, known as Lima. The executive power's headquarters is in the Government Palace.

The Palace of Justice of Lima is where the legislative power of the Congress of the Republic and the judicial power with its highest-ranking body are located.

The activated charcoal that is used to treat a poisoning is a powder that is mixed with a liquid. Once mixed, it can be given as a drink or through a tube that has been placed through the mouth and into the stomach. Activated charcoal is also available in tablet or capsule forms to treat gas.

The map above shows median home prices by block for Rio Rancho and surrounding areas such as Paradise Hills and Zia Pueblo. These are the best neighborhoods