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Aetobatus narinari

These rays have a very wide diamond-shaped pectoral disc that can reach over 9 feet wide, and is a dramatic dark color scattered with light spots or rings. It can grow to over 8 feet long, and when including the incredibly long whip-like tail, it has been measured at over 16 feet long. They prefer bays and reefs, but will school in large groups to cross distance in open water, ‘flying’ through the water and sometimes leaping completely into the air to escape pursuit. It is not considered a good food fish, and when caught, makes loud sounds and should be treated with extreme caution because of its venomous tail spines.

English language common names include spotted eagle ray, bishop ray, bonnet skate, duckbill ray, eagle ray, lady ray, leopard ray, mottled eagle ray, skate, spotted bonnetray, spotted duckbill ray, spotted stingray, spotted eagleray, spotted whipray, sunfish, whip, whip ray, and white-spotted eagle ray. Other common names include aigle de mer (French), arendskoprog (Dutch), arraia-morcego (Portuguese), arraia-pintada (Portuguese), bagtau (Bikol), banagun (Bikol), banagon (Bikol), bolad (Marathi), bulik (Cebuano), chili (oriya), chucho (Spanish), chucho pintado (Spanish), chuchu agila (Papiamento), curooway-tiriki (Tamil), dalimanok (Tagalog), eel-tenkee (Telugu), faaiy (Carolinian), fai manu (Tahitian), fai sikota (Tongan), fai-manu (Samoan), gavilan pintado (Spanish), gefleckter adlerrochen (German), gevlekte adelaarsrog (Dutch), gharabi (Arabic), Imil (Marshallese), jimojo (Marshallese), kakkathirandi (Malayam), kipungu (Swahili), kurivi thirukai (Tamil), lamburu jangang (Makassarese), leik-kyauh-sun (Burmese), leopardrocka (Swedish), madara-tobi-ei (Japanese), madi (Mahl), maylan (Somali), narinari (Portuguese), nek yorany (Kumak), obispo (Spanish), orlen centkowany (Polish), pagi (Tagalog), paging paul (Tagalog), papagaio (Portuguese), pari burung (Malay), pari lang (Malay), pe manuk ((Javanese), pintada (Portuguese), pungo piju ((Swahili), raia-chita (Portuguese), raia-leopardo (Portuguese), raie chauve-souris (French), raie noire (French), ramak-e-khaldar (Farsi), ratau ponteado (Portuguese), raya (Spanish), raya aguila (Spanish), rayo pico de pato (Spanish), spikkel-arendrog (Afrikaans), taachui (Swahili), tagabobon (Banton), taligmanok (Bikol), tiss (Arabic), tubaq (Arabic), vai tonotono (Fijian), vali lovo (Gela), vaval (Malayalam), wakawa (Spanish), and walbuulbul (Spanish).

The spotted eagle ray is considered of minor commercial fisheries importance. Presently, fishing grounds are primarily found within inshore surface waters throughout this species range. Methods of capture include trawls, trammelnets, and longlines. It is also fished as a gamefish and provides a good fight when captured on a line. This ray is rarely eaten due to the poor quality of the flesh. Instead, it is used for fishmeal and oil.

The spotted eagle ray is a popular display aquarium specimen and is often seen in public aquaria facilities.

Generally a shy species, spotted eagle rays are wary of divers and are difficult to approach. However, it is considered potentially dangerous to humans due to the venomous tail spines that can inflict serious wounds.

> Check the status of the spotted eagle ray at the IUCN.

The IUCN is a global union of states, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species.

The spotted eagle ray is distributed worldwide in tropical and warm temperate waters. In the western Atlantic Ocean, it is found in waters off North Carolina and Florida (U.S.), Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Bermuda south to Brazil. This ray can be found from Mauritania to Angola in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the Indo-West Pacific, it occurs in the Red Sea and from South Africa to Hawaii, including north to Japan and south to Australia. The spotted eagle ray also resides in the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California south to Puerto Pizarro, Peru, including the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador).

The spotted eagle ray is commonly observed in bays and over coral reefs as well as the occasional foray into estuarine habitats. Although it occurs in inshore waters to depths of approximately 200 feet (60 m), the spotted eagle ray spends most of its time swimming in schools in open water. In open waters, spotted eagle rays often form large schools and swim close to the surface. It is known to swim long distances across open waters as evidenced by its presence in Bermuda. This species is capable of leaping completely out of the water when pursued. It swims by “flying” gracefully through the water via the undulation of the pectoral fins. When this ray is caught and taken out of the water, it produces loud sounds. Although much research is still needed on the life history of the spotted eagle ray, it is known that this species shows high site fidelity (individuals often stay in or return to the same location). This ray also interacts socially with other individuals within its own species.

Distinctive Features The spotted eagle ray has a very angular disc and a long, broad snout with a v-shaped internasal flap. The ventrally located mouth is well- adapted for feeding on benthic prey. The flattened body disc is broad and short, measuring about twice as wide as long.

Large spiracles originate close to the pectoral fin origins. The fleshy subrostral lobe is duckbill-shaped and distinct from the upper snout. The wing-like pectoral fins are broad with pointed tips. The trailing edge of the pectoral fins is deeply concave with angular tips.

The pelvic fins are narrowly rounded and the dorsal fin is small with its origin just posterior to the pelvic fin insertion point. There is no caudal fin on the spotted eagle ray. The tail is very long and whip-like, reaching lengths of 2.5-3x the width of the disc when undamaged. The stinging spines, originating just behind the dorsal fin, are short and number from 2-6. They have a barbed tip and recurved lateral teeth along with a forked root. These venomous spines can deliver a nasty sting when used in defense against potential threats.

Similar species sharing distribution ranges with the spotted eagle ray include the southern eagle ray (Myliobatis goodei) and the bullnose ray (M. freminvillii). The southern eagle ray has a dorsal fin originating well behind the level of the rear edges of the pelvic fins while this fin originates just behind the pelvic fin insertion point in the spotted eagle ray. In contrast, the bullnose ray has a dorsal fin origin close to the level of the rear margins of the pelvic fins. Also the bullnose ray is absent from the Gulf of Mexico and the majority of the Caribbean Sea. The coloration of both of the southern eagle ray and the bullnose ray ranges from a uniform gray to reddish-brown with diffuse white spots on the dorsal surface. Another species that closely resembles the spotted eagle ray is the longheaded eagle ray (Aetobatus flagellum). However the uniform coloration of the dorsal side of the longheaded eagle easily distinguishes it from spotted eagle ray which has a spot pattern on the topside of its body.

Coloration As one of the most beautiful rays, the spotted eagle ray has a dramatic spotted pattern across the dorsal side of the body. The small white, bluish-white, greenish, pearly, or yellow spots are distinct against the black, dark gray, or brown body color. A variation on this pattern includes larger white rings each with a black center, and these rings sometimes join to form lines and circles. The ventral surface is white in color, making it easy to see them underwater as they flap their pectoral fins during swimming. The disc and fin outer margins as well as the tail are darkly shaded or black. The tail has a white base and in freshly caught specimens, there may be crossbars on the tail. The upper sides of the pelvic fins are a similar color to the background color of the body along with dark posterior edges and 6-10 spots. The dorsal fin is either uniformly dark or has a blotch on the front edge.

Denticles The smooth skin surface of the spotted eagle ray lacks denticles and thorns. The tail spines are not smooth, but instead have lateral teeth and a barbed tip.

Dentition There is a single row of broad, flat teeth in each jaw that combine to form a single plate. The upper tooth plate takes up about 80% of the width of the mouth while the lower plate takes up approximately 60%. Three to six of the anterior teeth of the lower jaw project beyond the upper tooth plate when the mouth is closed. These plate-like teeth are used to crush shellfish including clams, oysters, and whelks.

The roof of the mouth contains a row of 6 or 7 short papillae close to the upper dental plate while the floor has about 6 papillae. The papillae remove shells from prey items prior to ingestion.

Size, Age, and Growth The spotted eagle ray reaches a maximum length of 8.2 feet (2.5 m) not including the tail, with the total length including an unbroken tail reaching close to 16.4 feet (5 m). The maximum disc width is 9.8 feet (3 m) and maximum published weight is 507 pounds (230 kg).

Food Habits Clams, oysters, shrimp, octopus, squid and sea urchins as well as bony fishes provide prey for the spotted eagle ray. This ray is well adapted with its shovel-shaped snout and duck-like bill for searching in the mud for benthic invertebrates. When a prey item is found, the ray crushes it with its plate-like teeth and uses the papillae located in the mouth to separate the shells from the flesh. Upon scientific observation, the stomach contents of spotted eagle rays contained intact prey items lacking any remnants of shells.

Reproduction Mating behavior often includes the pursuit of a female by one or more males. These males grab her dorsum with their upper tooth plate. One male then grasps the edge of the female’s pectoral fin and rolls to her ventral side. The male then inserts a clasper into the female ray. The actual mating lasts 30-90 seconds while the pair are positioned venter-to-venter. Females have been observed to mate in this manner with up to four males over a short time period.

Spotted eagle rays are ovoviviparous meaning the eggs develop inside the body and hatch within the mother. After being released from the egg, the embryos are nourished by a yolk sac rather than through a placental connection with the mother. Up to 4 pups are born in each litter, each measuring 6.7-13.8 inches (17-35 cm) disc width.Predators Sharks, including the silvertip shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) and great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), are predators of the spotted eagle ray. Sharks have also been reported to follow spotted eagle rays during the birthing season, feeding on newborn pups.

Parasites Trematodes, including Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis, commonly infect the skin of the spotted eagle ray.Clemacotyle australis was reported in the branchial cavity of an individual caught in Australian waters andDecacotyle octona n. comb was found on the gills on another individual.

Acanthobothrium monski n. sp. and A. nicoyaense n. sp., both tapeworms, also parasitize the spotted eagle ray. In addition, a marine leech, Branchellion torpedinis, has been recorded on the pelvic fins of a specimen from Venezuelan waters.

The spotted eagle ray was originally described in 1790 as Raja narinari (Euphrasen 1790). The name was changed to Stoasodon narinari and later to the currently valid name Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790). The genus name Aetobatus is derived from the Greek aetos meaning “eagle” and batis meaning “ray”. Synonyms referring to this species in past scientific literature include Raia quinqueaculeata Quoy and Gaimard 1824, Myliobatis eeltenkee Rüppell, 1837, Myliobatis macroptera McClelland 1841, and Aetobatis latirostris Duméril, 1861.

A. narinari, sometimes considered a species complex rather than a single species, is currently under review.

If you're planning to hit the open road for your next vacation, preparation is vital — especially for your car! Check out some of our best tips on how to prep and pack your car, how to plan stops on the perfect road trip and more.

Road trips never go exactly as planned (and hey, that's part of the fun!), but you can be proactive to help minimize mishaps along the way. One of the most important steps? Consider switching to run-flat tires, like Bridgestone DriveGuard tires. No matter what the road brings, DriveGuard tires can help keep you and your family safely moving forward on your next cross-country road trip. They're engineered to keep going for up to 50 miles at up to 50 miles per hour after a puncture.*

FIND YOUR DRIVEGUARD TIRES

Incredible memories? Yes, please. Car trouble? No thanks! Whether you're planning a regional drive with family or gathering a group of friends for a cross-country road trip across the United States, it's vital to make sure your car is up to the task. After all, nothing derails the excitement of the open road like getting stuck on the side of the road.

If your vehicle has been showing signs of a problem, be sure to leave plenty of time before your departure date for adequate repairs. Even if you haven't noticed any issues, it's a good idea to inspect several components of your vehicle to ensure a successful — and safe — road trip for yourself and your passengers.

Here's a road trip prep checklist to help you cross every 'T' and dot every 'I' before departing.

When was the last time you checked the tread levels on your tires? If you're planning a road trip, you need to be sure your tires will have the appropriate tread levels to effectively grip the road throughout your journey. Grab a penny, and check out this easy tutorial for determining whether or not your tires have enough tread. If your tires don't pass the penny test, replace your tires before hitting the road. Even if your tires have plenty of tread left, look for signs of uneven wear, which could indicate that your vehicle needs an alignment and tire rotation service before you hit the road. Don't forget to check the spare tire, too!

Pop the hood and check your vehicle's fluids and top them off as needed. At a minimum, check and top off the following: oil, transmission fluid, windshield washer fluid, brake fluid, antifreeze, and power steering fluid. Pack small bottles of vital car fluids — especially motor oil — in your trunk in case of an emergency.

If it's been a while since you had your oil changed, or you don't remember when your last oil change happened, err on the side of caution and head to a nearby service center for an oil change service. Neglecting this routine service right before a road trip could cause irreversible damage to your engine — especially when you consider how many miles you're about to put on it.

Bring your car to a professional and tell them you're planning a road trip. Request that they check the air filter, spark plugs, timing belts, and serpentine belts. If one or more of your dashboard lights is illuminated, you'll want the pros to determine the root cause of that, too. Replace anything that's worn and take note of any potential problems your mechanic might identify to minimize unpleasant surprises on the road.

Park your vehicle in front of a building where you'll be able to see the reflection of your headlights in the windows when it's dark outside. Check that both your low and high beams are functioning correctly, then enlist the help of another person to ensure your rear lights and turn signals are A-OK, too.

Though it's easy to forget about them until you need them, having new wiper blades can make a big difference in your safety and visibility on the road. Test them out and replace them if required. At the very least, it's a good idea to carry a new set with you for your trip, just in case you encounter rainy conditions and need to change them.

You can't go anywhere without your engine in working order, but you can't go anywhere SAFELY without your brakes in tip-top shape. Have your brakes checked to ensure they have at least 50% functionality (preferably more) and have your brake pads professionally serviced or replaced if needed.

You've always wanted to see the Grand Canyon, but your family would rather head for Lake Tahoe. You'd rather have five or six overnight stays in hotels, but maybe your significant other wants to limit it to three. Whatever the case may be, planning your road trip route ahead of time—or at least having a general idea of it—can save you headaches, heartaches, and wasted gas.

Not sure how to plan stops on a road trip effectively? We've got you covered. Follow these steps.

Spend some time with all your travel companions looking at a map (even a paper map!) and determining where your ultimate road trip destination will be. Once you've chosen a place to land, you can plan your route and stops. Use online mapping tools to calculate how far you can drive in one day, or make a plan to switch off driving and sleeping with others so you can keep moving through the night.

Unless you plan to stay on the road around the clock (which could be exhausting), choose stops ahead of time where you can camp or stay in a hotel. The last thing you need is to hit a deserted stretch of highway just when you're getting sleepy and need to get off the road. Before you head out on your road trip, choose overnight stops to be your anchor points. These stops can act as benchmarks that will provide plenty of amenities, like lodging options, gas stations, restaurants, and even shopping, if that interests you.

When else will you have the chance to pose for a photo with that giant chicken statue off the highway or stop by the world-famous coffee shop that's half a mile from the interstate? For quick stops, factor in an hour or two of off-the-road time to ensure you can see what you want to.

It seems like common sense to keep gas in the tank, but running out of gas is a common road trip problem. Before you leave home, make a note of areas along your route that do (and more importantly, DON'T) have ample gas stations around. Being aware of gas stations along your way is especially important if you drive a diesel vehicle, as not all gas stations offer diesel fuel. If you know you're coming up on a stretch without any service stations, plan to fill up on gas before you reach it — even if your tank is nearly full.

While it's tempting to want to cram in as much sightseeing as humanly possible on your next road trip, it's essential to leave some time margin in your road trip itinerary. Mishaps are nearly inevitable on a road trip, and you'll want to leave some wiggle room to take care of any incidents without stress or time pressure. Plus, if you end up with extra time, you can always add something to your trip. Spontaneity needs margin, so you might need to take a second look at your planned stops and see if something needs to go.

The open road may be limitless, but your budget isn't! Plan out your estimated expenses for your road trip, and be sure to account for things like lodging, food, roadway tolls, and gas. To save on gas expenses, consider upgrading your vehicle with a new set of Bridgestone Ecopia™ tires. Ecopia tires are a sustainable choice that can help maximize your vehicle's fuel consumption, both for road trips and everyday driving.

Now that you know how to plan a cross-country road trip, it's time to pack up the car! Give your vehicle a good cleaning before you start adding things into the car. After all, you don't want to spend hours on end sitting on a pile of old snack wrappers, do you? If you tend to keep items in your trunk or cargo area, spend some time going through any items you store there, and remove any unnecessary things to maximize space for your road trip.

Besides your luggage — and your good ol' fashioned road trip spirit! — here are a few things to pack for a road trip.

You can use your phone's GPS most of the time, but what if you get caught with spotty service? Carry an atlas or detailed regional road maps as backups. Stash some cash in your wallet before you head out on your road trip. You never know when you'll want to buy a tchotchke from a roadside vendor or if you might encounter a toll booth that can't process credit cards (yes, it does happen!). Keep loose change and various paper bill sizes on hand.

And last but certainly not least, pack a spare car key and some backup items! Think through items that will be essential for your trip — things that could cause a serious emergency if you lose them (such as medications). Mount a hide-a-key container in a hidden place on your vehicle for a spare key, and tuck away extras of any item that is a travel must-have for you.

In addition to packing the above items for your road trip, you'll want to bring along some season-specific things. Here are a few examples (this is not an exhaustive list of essentials, so do your research and use your best judgment!).

Now that you know how to plan a road trip and what to pack for a long road trip, here are a few tips to keep in mind when you're actually ON your trip!

As much as you love your travel companions, all that time spent together could begin to wear on you. Don't be afraid to book a separate hotel room for a night or take a solo walk to stretch your legs and clear your mind.

While today's travelers have the luxury of planning out routes online and reading reviews from Internet travel forums, nothing can top the insider knowledge you can pick up from talking to the locals when you travel. Whether you ask your server about her favorite state parks in the area over breakfast or get the gas station attendant's advice on must-see attractions, take the time to meet people as you go.

It might sound romantic to go entirely off the grid while you travel. But in the name of safety, it's best to check in with someone back home regularly. Designate someone to call every evening for an update, and be sure to tell them exactly where you're staying for the night — address included — and where you'll be headed the following day.

You've researched how to plan a road trip, read all the travel tips, and you've put in the work and time. You know just how to plan a cross-country road trip you and your passengers will never forget. Now, all that's left to do is HAVE FUN! Take in the scenery, laugh without worries, and enjoy the open road!

Healesville Sanctuary, formally known as the Sir Colin MacKenzie Sanctuary, is a zoo specialising in native Australian animals. It is located at Healesville in rural Victoria, Australia, and has a history of breeding native animals.

1. Locate the Tools panel and select the Rotate View tool.
2. Place the cursor of the tool in the image window and hold down the mouse button.
3. A compass rose will appear.
4. Drag the cursor clockwise (or counterclockwise) to rotate the canvas.

Open the Settings app on one device, tap your name to open the Apple ID screen, then select iCloud . Turn on the toggle switches next to every category of app and content that you want to sync between the iPhone and iPad. Repeat this process with the second device.

Player Pos HT WT Draft Yr NBA Teams YOSBam Adebayo C 6‑10 255 2017 MIA 4Chuck Aleksinas C 6‑11 260 1982 GOS 1Derek Anderson G 6‑5 194 1997 CHA, CLE, HOU, LAC, MIA, POR, SAN 11View 119 more rows