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The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations (U.N.) agency. The goal of the ILO is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labor standards. The ILO has 187 member states and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with approximately 40 field offices around the world. The standards upheld by the ILO are broadly intended to ensure accessible, productive, and sustainable work worldwide in conditions of freedom, equity, security, and dignity.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded in 1919 under the League of Nations and incorporated into the U.N. as a specialized agency in 1946. The ILO is the first and oldest specialized agency of the U.N. The organization’s goal is to serve as a uniting force among governments, businesses, and workers. It emphasizes the need for workers to enjoy conditions of freedom, equity, security, and human dignity through their employment.
The ILO promotes international labor standards through its field offices in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe and Central Asia. The organization provides training on fair employment standards, offers technical cooperation for projects in partner countries, analyzes labor statistics and publishes related research, and regularly holds events and conferences to examine critical social and labor issues. The ILO was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969. The organization was recognized for improving fraternity and peace among nations, pursuing decent work and justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to developing nations.
The labor standards set forth by the ILO have been published in 190 conventions and six protocols. These standards recognize the right to collective bargaining, attempt to eliminate forced or compulsory labor and abolish child labor, and eliminate acts of discrimination in respect to employment and occupation. As a result, the protocols and conventions of the ILO are a major contributor to international labor law.
The organization has a three-tiered structure that brings together governments, employers, and workers. The three main bodies of the ILO are the International Labour Conference, the Governing Body, and the International Labour Office. The International Labour Conference meets annually to formulate international labor standards; the Governing Body meets three times a year, serving as the executive council and deciding the agency’s policy and budget; and the International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat that administers the organization and implements activities.
These are legal instruments created by governments, employers, and workers that set basic principles and rights at work. They take the form of either conventions/protocols, which are legally binding international treaties ratified by member states, or recommendations, which are nonbinding guidelines. The former are created and adopted at the annual International Labour Conference, after which they must be ratified by the governing bodies, such as a parliament or congress, of member states. There are eight fundamental conventions:
There are also four governance conventions, which are considered important for “the functioning of the international labour standards system”:
The ILO has consolidated its current technical projects into five “flagship programmes designed to enhance the efficiency and impact of its development cooperation with constituents on a global scale.” These programs are:
Devoted to improving working conditions in the factories of the garment and footwear industries, this program is jointly run with the World Bank Group’s International Finance Corporation. The emphasis is on “lasting improvements rather than quick fixes” and involves eight countries on three continents, working hands-on with 1,250 factories and in excess of 1.5 million workers. The program’s goal is to “prove that safe, dignified work means more productive factories, and a more profitable business model that benefits workers, managers, countries, and consumers alike.“
This program was launched in 2016 and its long-term intention is "to extend social protection to the five billion people who are partially covered or living without social protection and the dignity it affords."
According to the ILO, 73% of the globe’s population lacks social protection, with five billion people living with daily anxiety. The ILO hopes to change that by creating “nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors.” It will “support governments, workers’ and employers’ confederations, and civil society organizations in 21 countries, in collaboration with other U.N. agencies.”
The first goal of the Global Flagship Programme was to “change 130 million lives by 2020 through establishing comprehensive social protection systems in 21 countries and conducting a global knowledge development and education campaign.” As of April 2021, the website gives no indication of whether or not that goal was met.
With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has also taken on the challenge of including countries’ responses to the pandemic in its mission to protect workers.
According to the ILO, there are 152 million children performing child labor, 40 million men, women, and children in “modern slavery,” 24.9 million people in forced labor, and 15.4 million people in forced marriages. This program hopes to put an end to these scourges. It is a relatively new program that combined two older ones on child labor and forced labor. IPEC+ collaborates with governments, employers, and workers to:
The goals are to eliminate child labor by 2025 and end forced labor and human trafficking by 2030, in accordance with the U.N.’s 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, which was adopted in 2015.
Originally known as the Global Action for Prevention on Occupational Safety and Health (GAP-OSH) program, this was meant to “improve the health and safety of workers in small and medium-sized enterprises through fostering a global culture of prevention.” Created in 2016, it has been active in 15 countries and globally.
According to the ILO, 2.78 million workers die every year from work-related injuries and illnesses and 374 million more suffer nonfatal ones. The lost workdays account for nearly 4% of the world's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Its particular targets are:
With the advent of COVID-19, it has been repurposed to offer “a tailored set of interventions to address the immediate and longer-term safety and health needs of constituents related to COVID-19.”
This program focuses on creating jobs in countries where there are conflicts and disasters, with an emphasis on employment for young people and women. Its key objectives, which it hopes to achieve through building institutions, social dialogue, and establishing fundamental principles and rights at work, are:
In 2019 the ILO convened for the Global Commission on the Future of Work. In preparation for the conference, about 110 countries participated in dialogues at the regional and national levels. The ensuing report made recommendations for governments on how best to approach the challenges of the 21st-century labor environment. Among these recommendations were a universal labor guarantee, social protection from birth to old age, and entitlement to lifelong learning.
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Once obtained, the nurse records it with the systolic reading (this is the first sound heard) over the diastolic blood pressure reading (the point when the sound stops). For example, a blood pressure reading may look something like this: 114/76. The 114 is the systolic reading and the 76 is the diastolic reading.
Why does a nurse need to know how to check a manual blood pressure when there are digital devices that will perform this skill?
Digital or automatic devices may not be available at all times. In addition, manual blood pressure measurement devices provide a more accurate blood pressure reading than digital ones. According to a study by Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, an aneroid device (which is used during a manual blood pressure measurement) is more accurate than a digital device [1].
Therefore, as a nurse you should always reassess a suspicious blood pressure reading with a manual blood pressure measurement.
Here are the steps to take a manual blood pressure. Note: Before taking a patient’s blood pressure, always verify the specific steps required by your healthcare facility or nursing school, as guidelines or protocols may change over time.
1. Perform hand hygiene and gather your supplies.
2. Have the patient sitting or lying down with their back supported. Their arm should be positioned at heart level. If necessary, use towels or a pillow to support the arm, and make sure the palms are facing up (supinated). Be sure the legs are also uncrossed. For best results, the patient should urinate before the procedure, avoid eating or drinking anything for 30 minutes before the measurement is taken, and should remain quiet [2].
3. Place and secure the blood pressure cuff on the patient’s upper arm. Place it about 2 inches above the elbow. In addition, make sure the arrow on the blood pressure cuff is lined up with the brachial artery. In addition, be sure the cuff is secured over the bare skin, and attach the gauge (aneroid manometer) so that you can easily read it as you palpate.
4. First, we will estimate the systolic pressure by palpating the brachial artery and inflating the cuff to the point where the pulse disappears. Turn the bulb’s valve clockwise to tighten. Make sure the gauge is at zero, and pump until you no longer feel the brachial artery’s pulse. Note that number on the gauge when you no longer feel the brachial artery, as this is the estimated systolic pressure. Then deflate the cuff by turning the bulb’s valve counterclockwise, and wait 30 to 60 seconds.
5. Place your stethoscope in your ears, palpate the brachial artery again, and place the bell of the stethoscope lightly on the brachial pulse site (you can use the diaphragm rather than the bell if you want, but the bell is the best for hearing low pitched sounds).
6. Verify the gauge is at zero, and inflate the cuff 30 mmHg above the number at which you felt the brachial artery’s pulse disappear when estimating the systolic pressure. For example, if the brachial artery’s pulse disappeared at 100 mmHg, inflate the cuff to 130 mmHg.
7. Next, deflate the cuff slowly by turning the bulb’s valve counterclockwise until the needle drops at a speed of about 2 mmHg per second.
8. Listen carefully for the very first sound to appear, and note the point on the gauge when you heard it. This is the systolic blood pressure number (top number) of your blood pressure reading.
9. Continue to allow the air to slowly leave the cuff, and note the point on the gauge when the sound stops completely. This is the diastolic blood pressure number, which is the lower number in a blood pressure reading. Note: In the past, the diastolic number may be referred to as the last faint sound heard (also known as the Korotkoff phase 4 sound). However, many newer guidelines suggest the diastolic pressure is the point at which the sound is no longer heard (also known as Korotkoff phase 5, which is silence).
The video below demonstrates a blood pressure measurement with audible systolic and diastolic sounds as you watch the gauge:
10. Open the bulb’s valve completely by turning it counterclockwise, allowing the cuff to deflate.
11. Remove the cuff from the patient’s arm.
12. Clean the cuff and devices used, and perform hand hygiene.
13. Document per your facility’s protocols, making sure to include necessary information such as the blood pressure reading, the patient’s position (sitting or lying), and the arm used to measure the blood pressure.
Here are the blood pressure guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology, last updated in 2017 [3]:
For a patient to be diagnosed as having hypertension, they need an average reading based on 2 readings or more that are obtained on 2 or more occasions [3].
References:
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The new commands to manage the services must be considered after installing.
To enable the system to boot.
Systemctl can enable vsftpd.service.
To stop.
The systemctl has a feature called disablingftpd.service.
To begin.
Systemctl start vsftpd.service
To stop.
systemctl stop vsftpd.
To restart.
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The add-service is called the firewall-cmd.
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The system restarts the firewalld.service.
The server is configured by entering.
It's located at the bottom of the screen and is called "vsftpd.conf."
The following parameters are modified thanks to the website rootear.com.
To begin with the system.
We don't allow anonymous users to connect to our server. It's for safety.
To be able to connect with local users of the server where it is installed.
If you want users to be able to write and not just download stuff, then write_enable is the right thing to do.
Every time you upload a file, the local_umask makes its permissions increase.
It's the most typical thing in the server.
Yes, chroot_local_user.
Local users can browse the entire directory tree of the server if chroot_list_enable is enabled. We have the following parameters, for this we only want to allow certain users.
The file where the users who can navigate up through the server directories are listed is called chroot_list.
We comment out the line.
Yes, listen_ipv6
We left after recording and recording again. We add one more line to our file.
echo "allow_writeable_chroot"
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Groupadd ftp.
A ghost shell is created.
I have abin/ftp
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shells
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