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The blue screen of death is what you see on your computer screen when the Windows operating system crashes because of a fatal system error that causes it to malfunction and shut down. Usually, the Windows blue screen is the result of hardware failure, the corruption of system files, or the termination of a critical process.

The BSoD has become notorious and is commonly believed to indicate an unfixable error with a device. But while it’s always frustrating to see the blue screen, the “fatal” system error that caused Windows to crash can usually be fixed.

In Windows 10, the blue screen comes with a Windows 10 stop code, which refers to the exact error that caused the blue screen. To find out what caused the blue screen of death — and learn how to fix it and stop it from happening again — your first step should be looking up what the Windows stop code means.

In the example below, the stop code is DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL — we’ll take a closer look at this and other common Windows stop codes further down.

As disconcerting as BSoD may be, a totally blank screen is far more troubling. Without an error code to help you, it's difficult to know where to start to fix a black screen in Windows.

The blue screen of death is usually caused by improperly installed, damaged, or aging hardware, or by buggy or incompatible software. Driver updates for your graphics card or other hardware components can also cause a blue screen of death if they fail to integrate properly with the rest of your system.

Blue screen errors may also result from overheating, especially if you’re experiencing other issues, like a loud computer fan or a Task Manager showing 100% disk usage. Overheating itself could also signal a more fundamental problem with your computer, such as an infection by spyware or another form of malware.

You’ll see the cause of your BSoD on the screen itself. The cause will show up either as text, which you can google, or a QR code that you can scan with your phone. And even if your PC’s running fine today, it’s best to keep potential BSoD causes at bay by regularly cleaning up and speeding up your computer.

The blue screen error in Windows 10 comes with a string of text called a Windows stop code that catalogs the issue. The stop code can help you fix the problem and stop it from happening again.

Here’s a list of some of the stop codes you’re most likely to find on the blue screen in Windows 10 or 11:

Now that you know the likely cause of the problem thanks to the Windows stop code, you can try to fix the blue screen of death by going through the following steps:

Use the Power button to turn off your computer.

Since USB devices might be the culprit, remove all peripherals from your computer (besides the keyboard and mouse).

If your computer boots normally after a restart, you can enter Safe Mode from within Windows itself. Here’s how:

If the BSoD reappears, making it impossible for you to proceed, you’ll need to power down again and restart Windows in Safe Mode. Immediately as your PC boots up, press and hold the F8 key and then follow the on-screen instructions to switch to Safe Mode.

Now that Windows is in Safe Mode and only running essential processes, the problematic program, device driver, or system file has probably been deactivated, making it easier to uninstall. Start by removing the most recently installed programs, since these are the most likely culprits.

Here’s how to uninstall programs in Windows:

If you find any strange or unfamiliar programs within your list of apps and features, you might want to uninstall them too. But make sure to Google the name first to find out what it is so that you don’t unintentionally uninstall any essential Microsoft software.

Using the latest drivers improves the speed and security of your device. But sometimes bugs or glitches in updates can cause problems. If the blue screen error code referred to a specific driver causing the issue, simply disabling it or rolling back a recent update should fix the problem.

It can be cumbersome to check every driver and roll each of them back separately, but you may need to if nothing else works. Here’s how to disable drivers:

It’s possible that malware is responsible for the corrupt files or critical process disruption that has caused your system to crash. In that case, you’ll need to repair and secure your computer with a dedicated malware and virus removal tool that will let you scan and get rid of the malware immediately.

Install AVG AntiVirus FREE to identify and remove malicious threats to your system. AVG’s advanced threat-detection technology will quickly wipe away threats and help keep your computer from crashing.

To ensure all your system files are properly configured for Windows to operate normally, you should run a System File Checker (SFC) scan. Here’s how to run an SFC scan:

Running a CHKDSK scan will let you examine every bit of your hard drive, flag any errors, and correct them or index them to prevent those errors from causing performance issues or crashes such as the dreaded BSoD.

Here’s how to run a CHKDSK scan.

If a problem with your RAM is causing blue screen errors or other performance issues, check the status of your RAM using the Windows Memory Diagnostic. Memory hardware is particularly susceptible to degradation over time, and while this diagnostic tool can’t repair it, it can prevent your computer from trying to reference the damaged memory.

Here’s how to use Windows Memory Diagnostic to check the state of your RAM:

You’ll see the diagnostic results as soon as you boot up again. You can also go back and review them at any time in Windows Event Viewer. If you think you need more RAM, check out our guide to upgrading your RAM.

Now it’s time to exit Safe Mode and resume the activity that prompted the blue screen. If the BSoD doesn’t reappear, you’ve probably successfully isolated and resolved the problem. Now you can start carefully reinstalling external devices, programs, and drivers that you previously removed.

As well as fixing the crash, your computer should now run more smoothly, having now run all the diagnostics and maintenance tasks listed above. Make sure you keep your computer running smoothly by keeping your operating system, programs, drivers, and other software updated.

If you’ve tried all the steps above and you can’t fix the blue screen, try reinstalling Windows onto a formatted hard drive. This is a big step, but it will resolve the cause of any blue screen of death, unless your hardware is defective.

Beware that unless you have a backup, reinstalling Windows will result in the loss of all your files and user data. If you didn’t back up recently, there are third-party software tools that will help you copy your drive to an external HDD or SSD.

To reinstall Windows, you’ll need to have your Windows 10 product key — thankfully, Microsoft has made that easier with the latest Windows releases.

The best way to prevent blue screen errors and other performance issues is with the help of an automated optimization tool that works quietly in the background to keep your system humming.

AVG TuneUp will help you free up storage space by removing junk and bloatware, and it will perform regular maintenance tasks to keep your system clean. Plus, AVG TuneUp will let you easily hibernate background processes to ensure your system isn’t overcooked, and it will even help you update your software and drivers automatically. Start your free AVG trial today.

Nottingham is probably best known for its legendary figure of Robin Hood, but the city has much to offer a modern-day visitor. In addition to the accolade of having more eateries per square mile than any other city in Europe, it has also recently been honoured as a UNESCO City of Literature. It should therefore be unsurprising that Nottingham boasts a range of bookshops to satisfy any reader.

Nottingham was home to the rebel writers Lord Byron, D.H. Lawrence and Alan Sillitoe, and has been a centre of revolution and radicalism for centuries. That spirit of rebelliousness is still evident in Five Leaves, which opened in the winter of 2013, in defiance of the economic downturn’s devastating effect on many independent outlets. Since then it has become a popular literary hub for the city’s creatives. The bookshop is in the city centre, opposite the Tourism Information Centre, but is a few steps away from the main thoroughfare down an alleyway. After spending a few hours in Nottingham, one will discover that some of the city’s best destinations are tucked away in alleys or caves – Five Leaves is another of these hidden treasures. Although known as a political bookshop, it stocks a range of material including books on art, spirituality, philosophy, LGBT issues, fiction and poetry. A likely key to its success is the highly curated nature of its offerings; its staff members are passionate and knowledgeable readers in a diverse range of genres, and it shows. I rarely leave this shop without buying an armful of books and magazines. After hours, Five Leaves also hosts book launches, poetry readings and other events each month, another reason for it quickly becoming integral to Nottingham’s creative quarter.

On Market Street, a couple of minutes away from Five Leaves, is Page 45. This welcoming emporium of comic books and graphic novels opened in 1994 and is run by an enthusiastic and knowledgeable team who seek to prove that there is a comic or graphic novel for everyone. (Mine was the Rivers of London graphic novel, based on the popular urban fantasy series of novels.)  The superhero comics for which the medium is most known are positioned at the back of the shop, encouraging casual visitors to explore other lesser known genres offered in this format. For instance, a display of books on mental illness, including the popular Hyperbole and a Half, had pride of place beside the till during my recent visit. The range of books offered includes manga comics, graphic versions of epics such as The Odyssey and Siddhartha, science-fiction and fantasy spin-offs and many more. Neil Gaiman has called Page 45 the best graphic novel shop he has ever visited, and I would agree.

Jermy and Westerman is a ten-minute walk from the Victoria Shopping Centre up the steep Mansfield Road (or a few minutes away on the bus), but it is well worth the trip. Its outer facade appears fairly uninspiring, but on entering one will find a cornucopia of rare and used texts. The ground floor offers a wide selection of fiction and poetry, classics and newer publications, whilst the first floor is a maze of rooms filled from floor to ceiling with bookcases. Even the staircases perform double duty as book receptacles, and boxes of new arrivals scattered around the shop patiently await attention. The shop stocks a plethora of texts, from biographies to science fiction to history books and many more subjects at very affordable prices. I could not leave without buying a weighty tome on vampire mythology for only £4. It would be an unusually rare book that could not be found here, and if they don’t stock it, Geoff & Richard Blore, the dedicated father and son team who opened the shop in 1978, will endeavour to help you find it.

Penny Montague completed an MA in Literary Linguistics at the University of Nottingham in 2015 and graduated from The Open University with a BA in English Language and Literature in 2014.

Note: This bookshop guide gives the views of the author, and not the position of the LSE Review of Books blog, or of the London School of Economics. Thank you to Penny Montague for providing the images for this guide.

Do you have a favourite bookshop? If there’s a bookshop that you think other students and academics should visit when they’re undertaking research or visiting a city for a conference, then this is your chance to tell us all about it.

As part of a regular feature on LSE Review of Books, we’re asking academics and students to recommend their favourite two or three bookshops in a particular city, with the aim of building an exciting online series for our book-loving community of readers the world over.

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