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At its core, a WAN is a network of networks. The Internet itself is a giant WAN, and how you connect to it can be as diverse as through an Ethernet cable, coaxial cable, or a cellular radio signal.

Your office network, home Wi-Fi, cellphone, smartwatch, doorbell camera and vehicle-based Internet connection are just endpoints on a vast global WAN that is constantly evolving to carry more traffic, and to carry that traffic faster as the demands for near-instantaneous access to resources increase.

A Local Area Network (LAN) is confined to a relatively small area. In the business world, LANs are generally limited to a single building or a small campus. In a LAN topology, all the devices that end users need to access are connected by switches and routers. Your home Wi-Fi is also a LAN, where you can connect multiple devices, including laptops, desktops, printers and smart home devices via a central router.

When your network requires access to resources that are not available on the LAN, an external link is added to the router. So, while a LAN connects you to local resources on your network, a WAN connects multiple networks together to share resources.]

In the case of a company that has a corporate headquarters and multiple branch offices scattered around the world, the WAN connects multiple LANs, While LANs typically connect end users through Ethernet technology, WANs can employ a variety of transport methods.

LANs are typically maintained by an organization’s IT staff, but WANs are typically reliant on physical connections provided by the major telecommunication carriers. There are different ways to transport WAN data, each with benefits, drawbacks, and costs.

A private WAN is implemented with leased data lines. The service provider maintains the network (through multiple interconnects and vendors, if necessary) to create a continuous link between the network endpoints. Leased lines provide consistent symmetric upload and download speeds. Since the service provider reserves specific infrastructure for a private WAN, it is usually the most expensive option. Should there be damage at any point in the link you will likely see an interruption in service, making it necessary for you to plan for redundancy.

As employees moved to remote locations and applications moved to the cloud, organizations began shifting to a cloud-based WAN approach that takes advantage of a mesh of networks to provide highly redundant connectivity anywhere in the world.

For example, Amazon offers AWS Cloud WAN, a managed service that customers can use to build and manage a global network that connects resources running across your cloud and on-premises environments, including branch offices, data centers, and Amazon Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs).

An MPLS network is managed end-to-end by a single service provider such as Verizon or AT&T, using an already existing set of physical networks to create a virtual path through them. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP) breaks the data stream into smaller chunks, or packets, that are sent independently and reassembled at the destination endpoints of the network.

Each packet contains a payload and an identifying header that includes destination and reassembly information. Every packet is verified at the destination and, if successful, an acknowledgment is returned to the sender. Should verification fail, a request is sent back to the point of origin to be re-transmitted.

Data packets on an MPLS network are labeled and routed based on that pre-defined path for fast transport speeds across the network. An MPLS cloud uses multiple physical networks and is able to change routes to take advantage of the best bandwidth or to bypass problems. Traffic can be shaped through Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, such as video and Voice over IP Telephony (VoIP), to improve performance by application. While less expensive than leased lines in a Private WAN, MPLS can be expensive compared to connecting directly to the internet.

Instead of paying a premium for a leased line or MPLS connection, organizations can also simply connect directly to the internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

A straight internet connection gives you access to the vast number of network nodes that comprise the largest WAN ever built. The downside is that there is no specific authority controlling the quality and reliability of the data path through the internet.

Data packets must be inspected for destination addresses at each routing hop and are delivered on a best-effort basis. This is fine for many applications such as emails that do not have issues with latency between the sender and receiver, but could be problematic for apps that require low latency.

Also, since the internet is a distributed public network, there is a greater chance of data packets passing through the servers of bad actors looking to collect or corrupt your data. Unlike MPLS or leased lines, it is critical to use encryption on all traffic.

The internet is ubiquitous and readily available from multiple sources, making it the cheapest option available to build your WAN upon.

Vendors are also offering managed cloud WAN services, which include global connectivity, the ability to set policies for the entire global network from a single policy control point and a single management dashboard that allows organizations to monitor WAN features such as connectivity, routing, performance, access control and applications. A managed cloud WAN enables organizations to connect all on-prem sites and branch offices.

A wireless WAN deploys cellular broadband radio devices to connect with a series of radio towers, referred to as cells, which act as base stations to convert the wireless data packets that travel across private or cloud WANs. (It is also possible to connect multiple devices to perform point-to-point communication using a wireless transportation layer.)

The wireless network infrastructure is designed to support millions of connections across a nationwide footprint. As the endpoint transceiver passes beyond the range of a cell, the network automatically hands the connection off to the next, providing uninterrupted connectivity. Since the cellular network is already established, a wireless WAN can be deployed quickly and relatively inexpensively.

One of the more common uses for this type of WAN is to connect Internet of Things (IoT) devices that collect and process data. For example, the parking meter you pay is connected via a wireless WAN to collect your payment and check your authorization to stay in the space. As newer 5G technology rolls out, its higher bandwidth promises to allow mission-critical data exchanges, such as those used by self-driving cars.

It is important to understand the type of data you are working with on your WAN. You will build something different if transporting highly sensitive or low latency-dependent data.

At the WAN’s core, you will have connections from all the differing types of transports that allow traffic to route where it is most efficient and cost-effective. If you need highly secure, fast, and consistent connectivity, a private WAN should be an option.

For most of your traffic that requires reliable data delivery, such as content delivery, VoIP, or video conferencing, an MPLS connection will provide a secure, redundant, and consistent connection less expensively than with a leased Line. You will also be able to shape your network traffic by assigning QoS parameters to ensure that critical services get priority.

Finally, add Internet connectivity to direct your non-critical traffic to the lowest-cost route available. It also opens you to allowing user connectivity from anywhere through tunneling. The most common tunnel is the Virtual Private Network (VPN). VPN connections encrypt data to keep it private as it travels over public networks like the internet.

You can also establish a point-to-point VPN connection to act as a redundant link for leased lines as an inexpensive insurance policy in the event of service disruptions. The VPN is encrypted and, while slower, will provide a temporary solution in a disaster.

Sitting between the internet and your network will be a firewall that blocks any traffic that you haven’t explicitly allowed; an extra layer of protection on top of the VPN.

Wireless connectivity into your WAN will come from endpoints needing to connect over a cellular network, such as a smartphone accessing an application through a secured website or by first connecting to a VPN that allows access to resources such as database servers or storage devices.

The speed of light limits the speed of data across the WAN, as data packets travel on fiberoptic cables. The greater the distance between the endpoints, the longer it takes data to make the trip, and while a few hundred milliseconds seem like nothing to us humans, they are an eternity to modern computing infrastructures.

It is also worth noting that while things seem to be happening simultaneously on the network, data packets are actually moving sequentially along the wire. As more devices use the network, problems such as congestion and dropped packets can introduce performance problems.

WAN optimization addresses these problems with features such as deduplication (reducing redundant data transmission), compression (reducing the size of data), and caching (storing commonly used data closer to the endpoint).

A technique called traffic shaping establishes QoS parameters that prioritize network packets for time-sensitive applications such as voice and video over less time-sensitive traffic such as email, thus improving overall performance.

WAN management is both a time consuming and labor intensive effort. Software-defined WAN ( SD-WAN) helps by employing software to monitor the performance of all available WAN connections and choosing the most efficient route by traffic type.

For example, smooth video playback requires that packets be delivered in order. Putting this traffic on a busy link like the internet can slow the delivery of packets, so SD-WAN would direct these packets over the leased line or MPLS.

Email, which is not subject to poor user experience if packets arrive later, can use the public Internet. SD-WAN software accounts for each type of link and shifts the traffic to the best path based on cost and performance characteristics.

SD-WAN technology is a critical component of any networking strategy, with a $3.25 billion market in 2021 that is expected to grow 30% in 2022, according to DataVagyanik, a market intelligence firm.

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Boeing Business Jets (BBJ) are versions of Boeing's jet airliners with modifications to serve the private, head of state and corporate jet market. In 1996, Phil Condit, president of The Boeing Company, and Jack Welch, chairman and CEO of General Electric, sketched out their ideal business jet– a high-performance derivative of the 737 Next Generation, capable of flying more than 6,000 nautical miles nonstop and offering more cabin space than traditional long-range business jets. The first BBJ, based on the 737-700, rolled out on July 26, 1998, and had its first flight on Sept. 4, 1998.

Boeing expanded the BBJ brand to include configurations based on the 737 MAX, 777, 777X, 787 Dreamliner and 747-8 Intercontinental, which are known as BBJ 737 MAX, BBJ 777, BBJ 777X, BBJ 787, and BBJ 747-8, respectively. Boeing currently produces the BBJ 737-7, BBJ 737-8, BBJ 737-9, BBJ 787-8, and BBJ 787-9. The BBJ 777X will be available once it is certified by the FAA.

Sought by VVIP customers and heads of state alike, BBJs are uniquely customized for each owner: private, business or government. Since its introduction as a separate group, Boeing Business Jets has delivered over 250 airplanes on more than 260 orders.

BBJs typically seat between 19 and 50 passengers with bespoke configurations that often include master bedrooms, washrooms with full-sized showers, conference and dining areas, living areas, a fitness center, and more. All models of BBJs are delivered by Boeing in a "green" condition, meaning there are no interior furnishings so that the owner can design it to personal preference.

After the launch of the BBJ, Airbus followed suit with the launch of the Airbus ACJ derived from its A319 airliner, then the larger A320 and the smaller A318 Elite. Other smaller competitors include the Embraer Lineage, the Bombardier Global Express, the Gulfstream G550 and the Gulfstream G650.

The primary product offered by Boeing Business Jets is the BBJ 737 MAX family. Launch was announced on April 2, 2014, and the first delivery occurred on October 15, 2018. The BBJ MAX replaces and improves upon the original BBJ 737 family. It features lower cabin altitude for enhanced passenger comfort, new CFM LEAP-1B engines, improved aerodynamics, and advanced systems to deliver a 15% reduction in fuel consumption with increased range over the original BBJ family.

The BBJ MAX is based on the Boeing 737 MAX family of aircraft. Unlike most commercial 737s, the BBJ MAX has integrated airstairs to allow independent operations at remote airfields. BBJ MAX aircraft also come equipped with all of the optional systems and features available on the commercial 737, as well as the highest takeoff weight and maximum engine thrust. Another key difference is the installation of auxiliary fuel tanks in the cargo compartment to achieve ranges over 6,000 nmi (11,110 km), and a low cabin altitude system. The latter maintains a maximum cabin altitude of 6,500 even at the maximum cruise altitude of 41,000 ft, to improve passenger comfort and well-being.

The BBJ MAX benefits from its commercial roots. Direct operating costs are estimated at $5,200 to $5,600 per hour – significantly lower than purpose-built business jets. This efficiency is partly enabled by a low utilization maintenance program (known as LUMP), which stretches out the maintenance intervals for BBJ operators – major checks occurring every 4 years, and heavy checks only once every 12 years.

In 2021, the equipped price of the BBJ MAX 7 was $98.3M, $107.3M for the MAX 8, and $115.2M for the MAX 9.

Based on Boeing's commercial 787 Dreamliner, the BBJ 787 is a successful business jet featuring a composite airframe and low cabin altitude system.  It is partnered with the largest passenger and business aviation aircraft currently produced, the 777X. The BBJ 777X was announced on Dec. 10, 2018, and it will have the capability to fly more than halfway around the world without stopping, farther than any business jet ever built.

BBJ 787 Family: Based on the successful Boeing 787 Dreamliner family, the BBJ 787−8 and the BBJ 787-9 are long-range aircraft, with ranges of 9,960 and 9,475 nmi (18,445 and 17,550 km), respectively, with 25 passengers. Eighteen were ordered through September 2022 with 16 delivered.

BBJ 777X Family: Boeing launched BBJ variants of the 777X at the Middle East Business Aviation Association Show in December 2018. The BBJ 777-8 and 777-9 will have ranges of 11,835 and 11,330 nmi (21,920 and 20,985 km), respectively, with 25 passengers. Now the largest business jets in the world, these aircraft have cabin areas of 3,256 and 3,689 sq. ft. (302.5 and 342.7 sq m) cabin. The cabin area of the 777-9 is larger than the main deck of a 747-400 and will be 30% cheaper to operate per hour. The 777X is currently undergoing certification before entry into service.

Narrow-body The first BBJ (often referred to as “BBJ” or “BBJ1”) was based on the 737-700 with a stronger wing and had the landing gear from the 737-800. It offered up to nine auxiliary belly fuel tanks to extend the aircraft's range to over 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km). Aviation Partners winglets became standard on the BBJ, giving it a 5% range boost.

In 2002, the BBJ2, based on the 737-800, was introduced, offering a 25% longer cabin with a similar range with five tanks. In 2009, the BBJ3 was introduced based on the even longer 737-900.

During its 20 years of production, 150 BBJs entered service, triple the initial forecast of 50. Boeing delivered the last BBJ based on the 737NG in 2021.

Wide-body

Boeing previously offered BBJs based on the 747-8 Intercontinental, the final model of the venerable 747 family, and BBJs based on the 777 aircraft.

BBJs were initially operated by Fortune 100 companies like Aramco and Tracinda; NetJets, and casinos like the Las Vegas Sands, but the 2008 recession put ultra-large jets under scrutiny and were divested by many companies including The Limited, General Electric, and Occidental Petroleum. Similarly, Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign reduced the conspicuous consumption of private jets in China. BBJs are now operated by private firms and individuals: Fresno's Assemi Group, Miami's Crescent Heights, Wichita's Town & Country Food Market, Funair Corp., toymaker Ty Inc., Fortress Transportation & Instructure, Jeffrey Katzenberg, John Travolta, Steven Spielberg, Washington Corp., Tutor Saliba or pachinko king Hideyuki Busujima, with many registrations hiding their owners’ identities.[1]

Most BBJs are operated by governments for VIP transport in U.S., Australia and Africa, plus Colombia, Turkey, India, UAE, Jordan, Malaysia, South Africa and Tunisia; or Middle East oil barons like Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Saudi Arabia royalty.[1]

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Main usage of Azom 1gm Injection is for Severe bacterial infections.

Azom 1gm Injection

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