Jaaved Awdhut

Most dogs at a conformation dog show are competing for points toward their AKC championship. It takes fifteen points, including two majors (wins of three, four or five points) awarded by at least three different judges, to become a “Champion of Record”.

If your dog is not yet a “Champion of Record,” you will need to enter your dog in one of the seven regular classes offered at a dog show. In these regular classes, males (dogs) and females (bitches) compete separately within their respective breeds, and each has unique criteria for which dogs may be entered.

The seven regular classes at a conformation dog show include:

After a breed’s regular classes are judged, all the dogs that won first place in a class return to the ring to compete to be named Winners Dog (males) or Winners Bitch (females) and earn championship points and advance to best of breed judging.

Some dog shows may also offer non-regular classes, which are held after the regular classes are judged. Non-regular class winners are not eligible to compete for championship points. The premium list will state which, if any, non-regular classes are offered. You’ll most likely find these classes held at specialty dog shows.

The most common non-regular class is the Veterans Class, which is for dogs who meet a minimum age requirement set by the club. Age varies with breed; often dogs 7 years of age or older are eligible to enter. The winners of the class are eligible to compete for Best of Breed.

Clubs may also offer special attractions in conjunction with their all-breed, group or specialty dog show. Special Attractions can include:

Sweepstakes are a non-regular competition offered in addition to regular classes and are primarily held at specialty dog shows. If a specialty show is held in conjunction with an All-Breed or Group show, sweepstakes competition may also be offered. The show’s premium list will include all relevant information about this competition.

Sweepstakes are specifically designed to recognize outstanding puppies and young dogs (Puppy Sweeps) and older dogs (Veteran Sweeps) and a separate judge is assigned to this competition. All class divisions, requirements, and conditions are established by the club. No championship points are awarded. Winners receive a portion of the entry fees as a prize for their placements.

A DC generator or direct current generator is one kind of electrical machine, and the main function of this machine is to convert mechanical energy into DC (direct current) electricity. The energy alteration process uses the principle of energetically induced electromotive force. The dc generator diagram is shown below.

When a conductor slashes magnetic flux, then energetically induced electromotive force will be generated in it based on the Electromagnetic Induction principle of Faraday’s Laws. This electromotive force can cause a flow of current when the conductor circuit is not opened.

A DC generator is also used as a DC motor without changing its construction. Therefore, a DC motor otherwise a DC generator can be generally called a DC machine. The construction of a 4-pole DC generator is shown below. This generator comprises of several parts like yoke, poles & pole shoes, field winding, an armature core, armature winding, commutator & brushes. But the two essential parts of this device are the stator as well as the rotor.

The stator is an essential part of the DC generator, and the main function of this is to provide the magnetic fields where the coils spin. This includes stable magnets, where two of them are with reverse poles facing. These magnets are located to fit in the region of the rotor.

Rotor or armature core is the second essential part of the DC generator, and it includes slotted iron laminations with slots that are stacked to shape a cylindrical armature core. Generally, these laminations are offered to decrease the loss because of the eddy current.

The armature core slots are mainly used for holding the armature windings. These are in a closed circuit winding form, and it is connected in series to parallel for enhancing the sum of produced current.

The external structure of the DC generator is Yoke, and it is made with cast iron otherwise steel. It gives the necessary mechanical power for carrying the magnetic-flux given through the poles.

These are mainly used to hold the field windings. Usually, these windings are wound on the poles, & they are connected in series otherwise parallel by the armature windings. In addition, the poles will give joint toward the yoke with the welding method otherwise by using screws.

The pole shoe is mainly utilized for spreading the magnetic flux as well as to avoid the field coil from falling.

The working of the commutator is like a rectifier for changing AC voltage to the DC voltage within the armature winding to across the brushes. It is designed with a copper segment, and each copper segment is protected from each other with the help of mica sheets. It is located on the shaft of the machine.

The main function of the commutator in the dc generator is to change the AC to DC. It acts like a reversing switch and its role in the generator is discussed below.

The emf which is induced within the armature coil of the generator is alternating. So, the flow of current within the armature coil can also be alternating current. This current can be reversed through the commutator at the accurate moment once the armature coil crosses the magnetic unbiased axis. Thus, the load attains a DC or uni-directional current.

The commutator guarantees that the flow of current from the generator will flow forever in a single direction. The brushes will make high-quality electrical connections among the generator & the load by moving on the commutator.

The electrical connections can be ensured between the commutator as well as the exterior load circuit with the help of brushes.

The working principle of the DC generator is based on Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor is located in an unstable magnetic field, an electromotive force gets induced within the conductor. The induced e.m.f magnitude can be measured from the equation of the electromotive force of a generator.

If the conductor is present with a closed lane, the current which is induced will flow in the lane. In this generator, field coils will generate an electromagnetic field as well as the armature conductors are turned into the field. Therefore, an electromagnetically induced electromotive force (e.m.f) will be generated within the armature conductors. The path of induced current will be provided by Fleming’s right-hand rule.

The emf equation of dc generator according to Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction is Eg= PØZN/60 A

Where Φ is

flux or pole within Webber

‘Z’ is a total no.of armature conductor

‘P’ is a number of poles in a generator

‘A’ is a number of parallel lanes within the armature

‘N’ is the rotation of armature in r.p.m (revolutions per minute)

‘E’ is the induced e.m.f in any parallel lane within the armature

‘Eg’ is the generated e.m.f in any one of the parallel lanes

‘N/60’ is the number of turns per second

Time for one turn will be dt = 60/N sec

The classification of DC generators can be done in two most important categories namely separately excited as well as self-excited.

In separately excited type, the field coils are strengthened from an autonomous exterior DC source.

In the self-excited type, the field coils are strengthened from the generated current with the generator. The generation of the first electromotive force will occur because of its outstanding magnetism within field poles.

The produced electromotive force will cause a fraction of current to supply in the field coils, therefore which will increase the field flux as well as electromotive force generation. Further, these types of dc generators can be classified into three types namely series wound, shunt-wound, and compound wound.

DC generators are very reliable with efficiency ratings of 85-95%

Consider the output of a generator is VI

The input of a generator is VI + Losses

Input = VI + I2aRa + Wc

If the shunt field current is insignificant, then Ia = I (approximately)

After that, n = VI/ (VI+Ia2Ra+wc) = 1/(1+Ira/V+wc/VI)

For highest efficiency d/dt (Ira/V+wc/VI) = 0 otherwise I2ra = wc

Therefore efficiency is highest once variable loss is equivalent to the constant loss

The load current equivalent to the highest efficiency is I2ra = wc otherwise I = √wc/ra

There are different kinds of machines available in the market where the total input energy cannot be changed into output due to the loss in the input energy. So different losses can occur in this type of generator.

In armature copper loss (Ia2Ra), where the armature current is ‘Ia’ & the armature resistance is ‘Ra’. For generators like shunt-wound, the field copper loss is equivalent to Ish2Rsh which is almost stable. For generators like a series wound, the field copper loss is equivalent to Ise2 Rse which is also almost stable. For generators like compound-wound, the filed copper loss is similar to Icomp2 Rcomp which is also nearly stable. In full load losses, copper losses occur 20-30% because of the brush contact.

The classification of core losses can be done into two types like hysteresis and eddy current

This loss mainly occurs because of the reversal of the armature core. Every part of the rotor core passed below the two poles like north & south alternately & achieves S & N polarity correspondingly. Whenever the core supplies below one set of poles, then the core will finish one series of frequency reversal. Please refer to this link to know more about What is Hysteresis Loss: Factors & Its Applications

The armature core slashes the magnetic flux throughout its revolution & e.m.f can be induced within the outside of the core, based on the electromagnetic induction laws, this emf is extremely tiny, however, it sets up a large current in the surface of the core. This huge current is known as eddy current whereas the loss is called the eddy current loss.

Core losses are stable for compound & shunt generators because their field currents are nearly stable. This loss mainly occurs 20 % to 30 % in full-load losses.

Mechanical loss can be defined as the rotating armature’s air friction or windage losses Friction loss mainly occurs 10 % to 20 % of full load losses at bearings & commutator.

Stray losses mainly occur by combining the losses like core as well as mechanical. These losses are also called rotational losses.

Before we can discuss the difference between AC & DC generator, we have to know the concept of generators. Generally, generators are classified into two types like AC and DC. The main function of these generators is to change the power from mechanical to electrical. An AC generator generates an alternating current whereas the DC generator generates direct power.

Both generators use Faraday’s law to generate electrical power. This law tells that once a conductor shifts within a magnetic field then it slashes magnetic lines of force to stimulate an EMF or electromagnetic force within the conductor. This induced emf’s magnitude mainly depends on the magnetic line force connection through the conductor. Once the circuit of the conductor is closed then the emf can cause flow of current. The main parts of a dc generator are the magnetic field & conductors that move within the magnetic field.

The main differences between AC & DC generators are one of the most important electrical topics. These differences can assist students to study about this topic but before that, one should know about the AC generators as well as dc generators in every detail so that differences are very simple to understand. Please refer to this link to know more about The Difference between AC and DC Generator.

The characteristic of the DC generator can be defined as the graphical representation among the two separate quantities. This graph will show the steady-state characteristics which explain the main relationship between the terminal voltage, loads & excitation through this graph. The most essential characteristics of this generator are discussed below.

The magnetization characteristics provide the difference of producing voltage otherwise no-load voltage through field current at a stable speed. This kind of characteristic is also known as an open circuit otherwise no-load characteristic.

The dc generator’s internal characteristics can be plotted between the load current as well as generated voltage.

The load or external type characteristics provide the main relationships among the load current as well as terminal voltage at a stable speed.

The advantages of a dc generator include the following.

The disadvantages of a dc generator include the following.

The applications of different types of DC generators include the following.

case of green fungus —also called aspergillosis from Jalandhar , becoming the second state after Madhya Pradesh to record the disease

Noob Question: Recording the Boss RC - 505 to PC · 1- First of all , you need to be sure that your USB MODE on the loopstation is on "AUDIO/MIDI"

Basic trailer insurance covers your trailer in case it gets damaged in an accident—by natural disasters, vandalism or other similar perils—where coverage applies.