Run-D.M.C. Aubry

FAQs in (Word* | also in PDF*)

1) What is dengue fever? A)  Dengue fever is a disease caused by one of four closely related viruses.  These viruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito.  It is estimated that 40% of the world's population is at risk for dengue, and it is estimated there are over 100 million cases of dengue worldwide each year.

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2) What is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)? A) DHF is a more severe form of dengue fever.  It is usually a result of a second infection with a different virus in the dengue group.  It can lead to symptoms including cardiac failure, shock and even death.  With early detection and proper medical management, mortality due to DHF can be less than 1%.

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3)  How is dengue transmitted? A) The dengue viruses are spread through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito.  The most important vectors of dengue are Aedes aegypti  and Aedes albopictus.  The mosquito becomes infected after feeding on a person with the dengue virus in their blood.  It takes around one week for the mosquito to be able to pass the virus on to another person after infection.  The mosquito will remain infected for the rest of its lifespan.  Humans are the only hosts for the dengue viruses and the virus cannot be spread from person to person.

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4) What are the symptoms of dengue fever? A) Dengue fever is characterized by high fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain (pain behind the eyes), joint pain, muscle and bone pain, easy bruising and mild bleeding from the nose or gums.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever initially has symptoms similar to classical dengue fever, only the fever lasts from 2 to 7 days.  After the fever declines vomiting, severe abdominal pain and difficulty breathing may develop.  During the next 24 to 48 hours the patient's capillaries become excessively permeable, allowing fluid to be released into the body cavity.  This can lead to circulatory system failure, shock and even death.  A person with DHF may also exhibit more severe hemorrhagic symptoms, such as severe bruising, nosebleed and internal bleeding.

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5) Who is at risk for dengue fever? A)  Anyone can get dengue fever.  People who live in or visit countries where dengue fever is present are at risk for catching the disease.  Symptoms tend to be milder in younger children and in people who are experiencing their first dengue infection

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6) Where in the world does dengue occur? A)  Dengue outbreaks can occur anywhere the vector that transmits dengue is present.  Dengue is endemic (has consistent ongoing transmission) in at least 100 countries in the Americas, Asia, The Pacific, Africa, and the Caribbean.  Transmission usually occurs during the rainy season when Aedes mosquito populations are high. The Federal CDC and HealthMap have collaborated to create a map showing global dengue activity.

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7) Are there medications for the treatment of dengue? A) There are no specific medications to treat dengue fever.  All medications are supportive.  If one thinks that they have dengue, they should use analgesics containing acetaminophen and avoid those containing aspirin.  The patient should also rest and drink plenty of fluids.  If you suspect that you have dengue fever, you should consult a physician immediately.  Similarly to dengue fever, there is no specific medication for DHF.  DHF frequently requires hospitalization, but it can be treated effectively with fluid replacement therapy if an early clinical diagnosis is made.

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8) Is there a vaccine to prevent dengue? A) No.  Currently there is no vaccine to protect against dengue fever.

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9) How can I reduce my risk of acquiring dengue? A) The best way to prevent dengue fever is to avoid being bitten by Aedes mosquitoes.  The best way to avoid being bitten is to eliminate the areas where the mosquitoes lay their eggs, primarily artificial containers, such as plastic jugs, tires, and buckets, that hold water.  Frequently emptying water-holding containers will reduce the numbers of eggs, larvae, and adult mosquitoes in the area.

Other preventive measures for those traveling to or living in dengue endemic areas are:

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• Lose extra pounds and watch your waistline. Blood pressure often increases as weight increases.
• Exercise regularly.
• Eat a healthy diet.
• Reduce salt (sodium) in your diet.
• Limit alcohol.
• Quit smoking.
• Get a good night's sleep.
• Reduce stress.

Because reading increases your vocabulary and your knowledge of how to correctly use new words , reading helps you clearly articulate what you want to say The knowledge you gain from reading also gives you lots to talk about with others I love talking to people - especially little kids - who read a lot

The railway is a system of transport of people and goods on a railway.

The rails are made of steel or iron, which make the road or railway on which the trains circulate, but are included in this classification as means of transport that use other types of guidance, such as trains magnetic levitation.

It is a form of transport with comparative advantages in certain aspects, such as fuel consumption per ton/kilometer transported, the amount of environmental impact it causes or the possibility of carrying out mass transport, which make its use relevant in the modern world.

During the 6th century BCE, the Diolkos Road was used to transport boats on platforms across the Isthmus of Corinth, which was the first record of a rail transportation system.

Slaves pushed the platforms and guided them through the stone. The line ran for 600 years.

After the Early Middle Ages, rail transport began to return to Europe. The first information about a transport of this type on the European continent in this period appears in a stained glass window in the cathedral of Freiburg im Breisgau around 1350. In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang described a funicular railway in the castle of Hohensalzburg (Austria) called "Reisszug".

The line used wooden rails and was powered by a rope. The line is one of the oldest lines still in service and has been completely replaced by modern equipment.

In European mines, narrow-gauge lines with wooden rails were common from 1550 to the 17th century.

The first permanent streetcar in the world was built in Pennsylvania in 1812.

The first railway was made of wood and sheet metal and had iron rails. At first, there were only end-of-line loops to reverse the compositions, but point changes soon appeared. From 1790, the first all-steel rails were used in the United Kingdom. In 1803, William Jessop inaugurated the "Surrey Iron Railway" line to south London, being the first public blood-traction railway (drawn by horses). The invention of wrought iron in 1820 allowed to overcome the problems of the first rails of iron, which were brittle and short, increasing their length to 15 meters. In 1857 steel rails began to be made definitively.

The steam engine's development led to the creation of steam locomotives that could pull trains.

The first was patented in 1769 by James Watt, but the engines were too heavy and underpowered to be used in locomotives. In 1804, using a high-precision motor, Richard Trevithick presented the first locomotive capable of pulling a train in Merthyr Tydfil (United Kingdom). Carried out together with Andrew Vivian, the test was relatively successful, as the locomotive broke the brittle iron sheet rails.

John Blenkinsop designed the first locomotive to run on the line between the two cities.

The first steam locomotive to haul public transport trains was built in 1824 by George Stephenson. He also built a locomotive.

The success of these locomotives led to the creation of the first company to build steam locomotives that were used on the lines in Europe and the United States.

The first railway line was inaugurated in 1830 between Manchester andLiverpool.

The track used was the same type as previous ones, such as the railway between Stockton and Darlington. The first section of the line between Baltimore and Ohio was inaugurated in the year 2000.

The success of steam locomotives saw railway lines and locomotives spread throughout the world.

Robert Davidson built the first electric train carriage that could reach 6.4 km/h in 1838.

The first railway with electrical supply on the track was the tram that ran between Portrush and Giant's Causeway in the north of Ireland in 1884. In 1879, the power cables on trams were brought to you by aerial railway power cables.

The first conventional railway line that was powered by electricity was in Sweden. In the 1890s, some large cities, such as London, Paris and Mexico, used this new technique to build urban subway lines.

In medium-sized cities, trams were the only means of public transportation for a long time. The first alternating current line was inaugurated in Austria in 1904.

Maintenance for steam locomotives is fairly high. The cost of personnel increased after the Second World War, which made steam traction more expensive.

Diesel locomotives were cheaper and more powerful because of the development of internal combustion engines. Several railway companies started programs to convert their locomotives to diesel.

After the war, rail transport became less popular and air transport became more popular, as a result of the large-scale construction of highways. The need for transfers made the transfer of goods over medium distances unprofitable.

The Great Streetcar Scandal in the United States reduced rail transport.

The downward trend of trams was changed by the oil crisis. He made those that were not dismantled continue to be profitable. The introduction of containers improved the profitability of freight transport.

The first high-speed train was inaugurated in Italy in 1939 and reached a world record of 204 km/h near Milan.

The railway that goes over 250 km/h is considered high speed. In 1964, the first high-speed rail line, called Shinkansen, was inaugurated in Japan to solve the transportation problem between the populated cities of the country.

The system spread to other countries, such as France, Spain and Germany.

In the 70s, greater automation was introduced, especially in transport. Light rail lines were built in cities that phased out streetcars decades earlier. The train was the solution for transporting the disabled in the 1990s.

High speed is one of the fields where innovation in new railway systems continues today.

Rolling stock is the equipment that moves along the railroad tracks. The traction material, locomotives, and the hauling material are in two groups, the other being the equipment. Composition or formation is the set of rolling equipment attached to each other that pulls or pushes a locomotive. The train is a set of locomotives.

Depending on the type of service they provide, the trains are called cargo, passenger, service, works, or mixed.

Locomotives, passenger cars, wagons, railcars and train units can be used to make a division.

There are wagons coupled to a locomotive. The wagons can carry goods or passengers, which means there are two different types of train.

The self-propelled train, in which the wagons, all of them, have motors in their wheels, is a newer variant.

The infrastructure of the railway includes stations, tracks, bridges and tunnels, signal and communication system, train blocking and guiding infrastructure, needles, and other facilities.

There are sections of four tracks.

The central routes are used for the transport of goods and passengers, while the external platforms allow better access. In this case, the central tracks are reserved for long-distance railways with fewer stops, and for commuter trips.

Track width or gauge is the distance between the flat internal head of the rails on which the trains run.

Railway traffic is regulated by signals. These can be fixed or mobile.

A railway station is where passengers and goods can be accessed.

Railway operation is the name given to the set of techniques, means and modes that guarantee the safe and fluid circulation of trains, and that routes each train to its destination according to the established schedule.