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Let’s now explore how an RTD works. As we mentioned an RTD comprises a resistance element and insulated Platinum wires. Sometimes RTDs can have three or even four wires to increase accuracy allowing connection lead resistance errors to be eliminated. The resistance element is made of platinum because it is very long-term stable and it has a linear relationship between temperature and resistance, has a wide temperature range and it has a chemical inertness.

In terms of how it works, the RTD follows a basic principle. When the temperature of a metal increases, the resistance to the flow of electricity increases as well. An electrical current is passed through the sensor, the resistance element is used to measure the resistance of the current being passed through it. As the temperature of the resistance element increases the electrical resistance also increases.

The electrical resistance is measured in Ohms. The resistance value can then be converted into temperature based on the characteristics of the element. Usually, the response time for an RTD is between 0.5 and 5 seconds. This makes them very suitable for many applications.

Resistance Temperature Detectors can be categorised into two types of RTDs. Their type is based on the construction of the temperature-sensing element. The first type contains wire-would elements, while the second type contains thin-film elements.

The thin-film RTD elements are made by depositing a thin layer of metal which in most cases is platinum on a ceramic substrate material. The metal film is laser cut or etched into an electrical circuit pattern that provides the specified amount of resistance. Lead wires are then attached, and a thin protective glass coating is applied to the entire element. The advantages of the thin-film RTDs are that they are reliable and are produced at a low cost. Moreover, they are more damage resistant from vibrations than the other types of resistance temperature detectors.

The other type of RTD is wire-would. Its sensing element comprises a small coil of ultra-thin platinum wire. The wire coil is commonly packaged inside a ceramic or glass tube or the wire can be wound around the outside of a ceramic or glass housing material. The advantages of wire-wound RTDs are that they are very accurate and those with glass cores can readily be immersed in many liquids, while those with ceramic cores can be used to accurately measure extremely high temperatures. The disadvantages of wire-would RTDs are that they are more expensive to produce than thin-film and they are more vibration-sensitive.

The RTD sensors are primarily used in the following industries: • Automotive • Power electronics • Consumer electronics • Food handling and processing • Industrial electronics • Medical electronics • Military • Aerospace

To test your RTD sensor set your multimeter to a resistance mode. After that, check the readings across the terminals of the RTD. At room temperature (around 20°C) the reading should be around 110 ohms. Keep in mind that the reading value may be different, which depends on the room temperature.

Finally, place the RTD temperature sensor in ice water. Then, after a couple of minutes check the readings again. Now, you should get a lower number than the room temperature reading. That number should be around 100 ohms.

There are a number of differences between thermocouples and RTD sensors. Below we have outlined the main ones.

Resistance temperature detectors are built to several tolerances and curves, one of the most common is the “DIN” curve. It shows the resistance vs temperature characteristics of a Platinum, 100-ohm sensor, the standardised tolerances, as well as the measurable temperature range.

The DIN standard specifies a base resistance of 100 ohms at 0°C, and a temperature coefficient of .00385 Ohm/Ohm/°C. The nominal output of a DIN RTD sensor is shown below:

There are three standard tolerance classes for DIN RTDs. These tolerances are defined as follows:

When you decide the RTD element type, first you should consider what instrument you will be reading the sensor with. You need to choose an element type that is compatible with the instrument’s sensor input. By far the most common RTDs are 100 Ohm Platinum with .00385 temperature coefficient.

Another thing, you need to decide what accuracy is needed in your specific measurement. Accuracy is a combination of both base resistance tolerance (resistance tolerance at the calibration temperature) and temperature coefficient of resistance tolerance (tolerance in the characteristic slope). Any temperature above or below this temperature will have a wider tolerance band or less accuracy. The most common calibration temperature is 0°C.

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