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The state of Maharashtra is a state in central India. The largest city in the country is Indore, and it is one of the major cities. The second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population is the state of Madhya Pradesh. It borders the states of Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the north.

The area of the present-day state of Maharashtra includes the area of the ancient city of Ujjain, which rose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC. The major dynasties of India ruled the region. The Maratha Empire ruled for most of the 18th century.

After the Anglo-Maratha Wars, the region was divided into several princely states and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar. The southern part of the present-day Maharashtra and the northeastern part of the present-day Maharashtra were included in the creation of the new state of Madhya Pradesh.

The Maharashtra state was reorganized in the mid-sixties and its parts were combined with other states to form the new state of Maharashtra. This state was the largest in India until 2000 when the southeastern Chhattisgarh region was designated a separate state.

The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the 10th-largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹9.17 trillion (US$110 billion) and has the country's 26th highest per-capita income of ₹ 109,372. Madhya Pradesh ranks 23rd among Indian states in human development index. Rich in mineral resources, Madhya Pradesh has the largest reserves of diamond and copper in India.

25.14% of its area is under forest cover. Its tourism industry has seen considerable growth, with the state topping the National Tourism Awards in 2010–11. In recent years, the state's GDP growth has been above the national average. In 2019–20, the state's GSDP was recorded at 9.07.

Isolated remains of Homo erectus found in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley indicates that Madhya Pradesh might have been inhabited in the Middle Pleistocene era. Painted pottery dated to the later Mesolithic period has been found in the Bhimbetka rock shelters. Chalcolithic sites belonging to Kayatha culture (2100–1800 BCE) and Malwa culture (1700–1500 BCE) have been discovered in the western part of the state. Madhya Pradesh is also the world's ninth-most populous subnational entity.

During the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BCE, the city of Ujjain became a major center.

The capital of the kingdom was here. The kingdoms of Malava, Karusha, Dasarna and Nishada have been mentioned in the epics.

The Mauryan Empire, which included all of modern-day Maharashtra, was established around 320 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya. The region was brought under control by Ashoka, the greatest of Mauryan rulers. During the 1st to 3rd centuriesCE, the region was divided between several dynasties.

The Greek Ambassador to the court of the Shunga King had built a pillar.

The main commercial center of western India from the first centuryCE was Ujjain, which was located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. The Satavahana dynasty of the northern Deccan and the Saka dynasty of the Western Satraps fought for control of the state during the 1st to 3rd centuriesCE.

The Satavahana King Satakarni conquered parts of Malwa and Gujarat in the 2nd centuryCE after defeating the Saka rulers.

The region was conquered by the Gupta empire in the 4th and 5th century.

The rock-cut temples at Bagh Caves in the Kukshi tehsil of the Dhar District show the presence of the Gupta dynasty in the region, supported by the testimony of a Badwani inscription dated to the year of 487 CE. The attacks of the Hephthalites or White Huns brought about the collapse of the Gupta empire, which broke up into smaller states. The King of Malwa defeated the Huns. Later, Harsha.

The northern parts of the state were ruled by 590–647 Malwa was ruled by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty from the late 8th century to the 10th century. When the south Indian Emperor Govinda III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty annexed Malwa, he set up the family of one of his subordinates there, who took the name of Paramara.

The rise of the Rajput clans was seen in the Medieval period.

The Hindu-Jain temples at Khajuraho are the culmination of Hindu temple architecture in Central India. The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty held sway in northern and western Maharashtra. Some monuments of architectural value were left in Gwalior. The Paramara kingdom of Malwa was invaded several times by the south Indian Westernchalukya Empire. It was claimed that the person was a renowned polymath.

The Gond kingdoms emerged in the Gondwana and Mahakoshal regions of the state. The 13th century saw the conquest of Northern Maharashtra by the Turkic Delhi Sultanate. The Tomara kingdom of Gwalior and the Muslim Sultanate of Malwa are two of the independent regional kingdoms that emerged after the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate.

The Malwa Sultanate was conquered in 1531. Most of the state fell in the 1540s to the Hindu King Hemu. Hemu, who had earlier served as the General of the Islamic Suri dynasty, operated from the Gwalior Fort during 1553–56 and became the ruler of Delhi as a Vikramaditya king winning 22 battles continuously from Bengal to Gujrat and defeating Akbar's forces in the Battle of Delhi on 7 October 1556. After his formal Coronation, he left Gwalior and chose Delhi as his capital.

The rule of the Mughals came to most of the state after the Second Battle of Panipat. Gond kings enjoyed virtual autonomy and acknowledged Mughal suzerainty, but remained under their control.

The Mughal control was weakened after Aurangzeb's death.

Between 1720 and 1760, the Marathas conquered most of Madhya Pradesh, resulting in the establishment of semi-autonomous states under the nominal control of the Peshwa of Pune: the Holkars of Indore ruled much of Malwa, Pawars ruled Dewas and Dhar, the Bhonsles of Nagpur dominated Mahakoshal-Gondwana area, while the Scindias of Gwalior controlled the northern parts of the state. The Maratha rulers were Mahadji Shinde, Ahilyabai Holkar and Yashwantrao Holker. Several other small states, including Rewa, were included. Dost Mohammed Khan, a former General in the Mughal army, founded the state which paid homage to the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad.

The British conquered the entire region after the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The region became princely states of British India under the control of the Central India Agency.

The Mahakoshal region became a British province. The Central Provinces were formed in 1861 by merging the Nagpur Province with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories.

The northern parts of the state were the scene of rebellions during the 19th century. The British and princes loyal to them crushed these.

The state witnessed a number of anti-British activities and protests during the Indian independence movement.

The princely states of Makrai and Chhattisgarh and the former British Central Provinces formed the state of Maharashtra in the year 1950.

The Central India Agency formed the new states of Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal. In the year 1956, the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were merged into the state of Maharashtra, while the southern region of Vidarbha was ceded to Bombay state.

Jabalpur was chosen to be the capital of the state but at the last moment, due to political interference, Bhopal was made the state capital. In November 2000, as part of the Madhya Pradesh Reorganization Act, the southeastern portion of the state split off to form the new state of Chhattisgarh.

Madhya Pradesh literally means "Central Province", and is located in the geographic heart of India in between the latitude of 21.6°N–26.30°N and longitude of 74°9'E–82°48'E. The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; These ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundaries between the north and south of India. The highest point in the state is 1,350 m high.

The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by UP, and on the east by Chhattisgarh.

Summer, monsoon, and Winter are the three major seasons in the state of Maharashtra. The temperature in the state has gone up all time high in the summer months.

The western parts of the state are cooler than the eastern ones. In May, the regions like Morena and Datia have temperatures over 42 C.

The humidity is relatively very low and the region usually experiences frequent mild dust storms. The southwest monsoon usually breaks out in June and the entire state gets a lot of rain in the summer. The parts of the north-west get less rain than the south and south-east. Extreme eastern parts get more than 150 cm of rain. The districts of western Maharashtra get less than 80 cm of precipitation.

The winter season starts in November. The temperature in the north is lower than in the south. The climate in the northern part of January is pleasant and dry.

The average amount of rain is 1,194mm. Some places in the southeastern district receive as much as 2,150mm (88.6 in), while the western and northwestern districts receive less than 1000mm.

The recorded forest area of the state is 94,689 km2 and makes up 30.7% of the geographic area. This area has been classified as "Reserved Forest", "Protected Forest" and "Unclassified Forest"

The national average of 700 m2 is less than the per capita forest area of 2,400 m2. The major urban centers of the state are in the western and northern parts of the state. The forest types of the state are different due to the variability of the weather. In the month of January, 1.5 million volunteers in the state planted 66 million trees.

The major types of soils are found in the state.

Madhya Pradesh is home to ten National Parks; Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, Pench National Park and Dinosaur National Park, Dhar.

There are also a number of nature reserves, including Amarkantak, Bagh Caves, Balaghat, Bori Natural Reserve, Ken Gharial, Ghatigaon, Kuno Palpur, Narwar, Chambal, Kukdeshwar, Chidi Kho, Nora Dehi, Pachmarhi, Panpatha, Shikarganj, Patalkot, and Tamia. Three of the 18 biosphere reserves in India are Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Amarkantak biosphere reserve and Panna National Park.

The majority of them are located in eastern Madhya Pradesh.

Project Tiger areas include Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, and Satpura National Parks.

The National Chambal Sanctuary is managed for the protection of a number of animals. Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed for the protection of gharial and mugger. The barasingha is the state animal and the dudhraj is the state bird.

The forest formations in the state are based on composition and include the teak and salt forests.

There are many bamboo-bearing areas.

The longest river in the state is the Narmada. The Vindhya ranges are along the northern bank of the rift valley, while the Satpura range of mountains are on the southern side. The Banjar, the Tawa, the Machna, the Shakkar, the Denwa and the Sonbhadra rivers are its tributaries.

The Tapti River runs through a valley. The Narmada–Tapti systems carry an enormous volume of water and provide drainage for a quarter of the land area of the state. The Narmada river is very sacred and is worshiped throughout the region. It is the main source of water for the state.

The Vindhyas form the southern boundary of the Ganges basin, with the western part of the basin draining into the Yamuna and the eastern part directly into the Ganges. The main tributaries of the Yamuna are the Chambal, Shipra, Kali, Parbati, Kuno, Sind, Betwa, and Ken rivers. The Shipra River is a sacred river in Hinduism.

The Simhastha Kumbh Mela is held every 12 years. The land drained by the rivers is rich in agriculture and has a lot of natural vegetation. The Son, the Tons and the Rihand are part of the eastern part of the Ganges basin. Son, which rises in the Maikal hills, is the largest river that goes into the Ganges on the south bank, and that does not rise from the Himalayas. The north bank tributaries of the Son and its tributaries are snow fed, which contributes to the bulk of the monsoon flow into the Ganges.

The forests in the basins are richer than the thorn forests in the northwestern part of the state.

The major portion of the basin lies in the state of Chhattisgarh. The Hasdeo River basin area is in Anuppur District.

There is a south facing watershed in the Satpuras. The Wainganga, Wardha, Pench, Kanhan rivers discharge water into the Godavari river system. Sub-tropical, semi-moist forests are found in the valley of the Indrawati. The Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects are important multi-state irrigation projects.

The following zones are in the state of Maharashtra.

There are 52 districts in the state of Maharashtra for administrative purposes. The district is the center of administration. The districts are arranged in 10 divisions.

There are many ethnic groups and tribes in the state of Maharashtra. The scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes make up 15.6% and 21.1% of the population of the State.

Gond, Bhil, Baiga, Korku, Bhadia, Halba, Kaul, Mariya, Malto and Sahariya are some of the main tribal groups in the state.

The Mandla, Dhar, Dindori, Barwani, Jhabua and Alirajpur districts have more than 50% tribal population. In the districts of Khandwa, Burhanpur, Betul, Chhindwara, Seoni, Anuppur, Umaria, Shahdol and Singrauli, 30 to 50% of the population is tribal. The tribal population in the state was 15.34 million,constituting 21.1% of the total population. There are 46 recognized Scheduled Tribes and three of them are identified as "Special Primitive Tribal Groups".

According to the NITI AAYOG, the Human Development Index value of 0.606 is the 33rd lowest in the country. The state's per-capita gross state domestic product (nominal GDP) is the 26th in the country (2018–19). According to NITI Aayog SDGs India index the state ranks 9th on gender equality, 10th on clean water and sanitation.

Hindi is the official language of the state and is used for all government business. Most speak varieties counted as dialects of Hindi in rural areas. Malvi and Nimadi are in the Malwa and Nimar regions, which are related to the Rajasthani languages.

In the north and east of Baghelkhand, there are two Hindi languages called Bundeli and Bagheli. Both Eastern Hindi languages are spoken in the far south, with Powari being the language of the far south. Most speakers of these languages consider them to be dialects of Hindi and report their language as 'Hindi' on the census.

Another important language is Marathi. The largest number of Marathis outside Maharashtra can be found in the state of Maharashtra. The southern areas of the state adjoining Maharashtra have the highest concentrations of Marathis. In Burhanpur district, the most spoken language is Marathi, while in the southern part of Mahakoshal, it is the major minority language.

The Adivasis have several languages.

50 lakh Bhils of western Madhya Pradesh speak various Bhil languages. The languages are still strong in the far-western hills, where they are in the majority, despite the fact that many have adopted the regional languages as mother tongue. The major languages spoken in the state are Bhili, Bareli and Bhilali.

11 lakh Gonds in the state speak Gondi, which is the second-largest Adivasi language. It is a Dravidian language that is spoken in the southern Satpura highlands of Mahakoshal, where it is related to the other regional languages.

The Bharia dialect is a Dravidian dialect that is found in the remote valleys of Satpuras. There are smaller minorities of Gondi speakers in the west and east. The Gonds have completely abandoned their original language.

The central highlands of the state have 888-405-7720 888-405-7720 Some Nihali speakers live in the far-southeastern part of Burhanpur. All speakers of tribal languages face pressure to switch to regional languages while their own tongues are considered 'backward' and 'rural'.

The Three Language Formula is used to teach the following languages in schools.

Any scheduled language is the first language.

Hindi, Urdu or English are the second language.

Other Scheduled languages include Arabic, Persian, French, and Russian.

Hinduism is the main religion and is followed by 90.9% of the population.

90.9% of residents followed Hinduism, while minorities are Muslim, Jain, Buddhist, Christians, and Sikhs.

The Narmada and the Ghats of Omkareshwar are both pilgrimage sites in the state of Madhya Pradesh. There are temples in the state.

In the central area of the state, Buddhism and Jainism are the main religions. Malwa has a significant Jain minority.

The urban centers of the Malwa region are home to Jains. Islam arrived with Muslim rule in the 14th century, but it was limited to major urban centers. Islam is a major religion in Burhanpur and Bhopal, with many prominent Islamic shrines. Buddhism is practiced by people in the south. The majority of respondents answered 'Other' and identified themselves as following Adivasi religions such as Koya Punem of the Gonds.

The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and the Khajuraho Group of Monuments have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Other architecturally significant or scenic sites can be found. Ajaigarh, Amarkantak, Asirgarh, Bandhavgarh, Bawangaja, Bhopal, Vidisha, Chanderi, Chitrakuta, Dhar, Gwalior, Indore, Nemavar, Jabalpur, Burhanpur, Maheshwar, Mandleshwar, Mandu, Omkareshwar, Orchha, Pachmarhi, Shivpuri, Sonagiri, Mandla and Ujjain.

Classical and folk music is what is found in the state.

The Maihar gharana is one of the noted Hindustani classical music gharanas in the state. Two of the most noted singers of the medieval India, Tansen and Baiju Bawra, were born in present-day Gwalior. Noted Dhrupad exponents Aminuddin Dagar (Indore), Gundecha Brothers (Ujjain) and Uday Bhawalkar (Ujjain) were also born in present-day Madhya Pradesh. Renowned classical singer Kumar Gandharva spent his life at Dewas.

The birthplaces of noted singers Lata Mangeshkar and Aadesh Shrivastava are located in MP. The local styles of folk singing include Faga, Bhartahari, Sanja geet, Bhopa, Kalbelia, Bhat/Bhand/Charan, Vasdeva, Videsia, Kalgi Turra, Nirgunia, Alha, Pandwani Gayan and Garba Garbi Govalan.

Rai, Saila, Matki, Gangaur, Badhai, Baredi, Ahiri, and Bhagoria are some of the major folk dances of MP.