Shafqat Schulte

A Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD; Latin: Scientiae Juridicae Doctor),[1] or a Doctor of the Science of Law (JSD; Latin: Juridicae Scientiae Doctor),[2] is a research doctorate in law equivalent to the more commonly awarded Doctor of Philosophy degree.[3][4][5]

The SJD is offered by the Australian National University,[6] Bond University,[7] La Trobe University,[8] the University of Canberra,[9] the University of New South Wales,[10] the University of Sydney,[11] the University of Technology Sydney,[12] and the University of Western Australia.[13] It was once offered by the Queensland University of Technology.[14]

In Canada, the JSD or SJD is only offered at the University of Toronto. The University of Toronto's Faculty of Law is the leading institution from which Canadian law professors may earn a Doctorate of Juridical Science. Other law schools in Canada still offer a PhD in law as the terminal degree.

The JSD, or SJD is a research doctorate, and as such, in contrast to the JD, it is equivalent to the more commonly awarded research doctorate, the PhD[15] It is considered the "most advanced law degree" by Georgetown Law Center, Cornell Law School,[16] Harvard Law School,[17] Columbia Law School,[18] Yale Law School,[19] NYU Law,[20] Penn Law,[21] Stanford Law,[22] UVA Law,[23] Duke Law School,[24] Berkeley Law,[25] UCLA School of Law,[26] Washington University School of Law,[27] George Washington University Law School,[28] University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law,[29] Golden Gate University,[30] and University of Illinois College of Law.[31] According to Indiana University[32] it is the "terminal degree in law designed for individuals interested in academia." The National Association of Legal Professionals states that the JSD/SJD is "the most advanced (or terminal) law degree that would follow the earning of the JD and LLM degrees".[33]

Applicants for the program must have outstanding academic credentials.[34] A first degree in law (such as a JD) is required, as well as an LLM[35] Exceptions as to the latter condition (i.e. holding an LLM) are seldom—if ever—granted.[36]

The JSD/SJD typically requires three to five years to complete.[36][37] The program begins with a combination of required and elective coursework. Then, upon passage of the oral exam, the student advances to doctoral candidacy. Completion of the program requires a dissertation, which serves as an original contribution to the scholarly field of law.[38]

Despite its terminal status, the JSD/SJD is rarely earned by American scholars. The American Bar Association considers the first-level JD a sufficient academic credential for the instruction of the law. This has been adopted by virtually all American law schools, though outstanding academic performance and an extensive record of legal publications are usually required for tenure-track employment at most universities. Most scholars who complete the JSD/SJD at American universities are either international students seeking academic employment in their home countries (where a research doctorate may be required) or American scholars already employed, and who wish to further their legal education at the highest level.

Notable recipients of the degree of Doctor of Juridical Science include:

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Cairns

They're bound and gagged, helpless witnesses for his final act of depravity: With Red tied up and surrounded by her "children," Piscatella takes a knife and begins to slice off pieces of her hair and her scalp in an attempt to strip the prison's mother of her power