Biana Thibault

SoM is short for system on module. It’s an electronic circuit and integrates all required system functions into a module, including processor, storage (eMMC or Flash), memory (DDR) and I/O controller. However, unlike SoC that combines many of these functions onto a single chip, SoM typically requires only power to operate. In brief, SoM is an electronic motherboard that packages the core functions of MINI PC. Most SoMs integrate CPUs, storages, and pins. It’s connected to a matching carrier board through pins to implement a system-on-a-chip in a certain field.

SoC is short for system on chip, which is an integrated circuit (also known as a "chip") that integrates all or most components of a computer or other electronic system. These components typically (but not always) include a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output interfaces, and secondary storage interfaces-- all on a single substrate or microchip, size of a coin. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often RF signal processing functions, depending on the applications. As integrated on a single substrate, SoC consumes significantly less power and occupies much less area than an equivalent multi-chip design. It can perform a variety of functions, including signal processing, wireless communications, artificial intelligence. SOC is commonly used in embedded systems and IoT.

SOMs are easy-to-use embedded electronic hardware that can be integrated with substrates. When choosing a SoM, you should consider several factors, like specification, scalability, and flexibility, which are fundamental factors of any SoM that can impact your application. SoMs significantly reduce time-to-market and minimize costs, and make development much easier for engineers. With a SoM, all you need is a carrier board that fits your application to come into use.

SoM benefits a lot for development engineers and product manufacturers:

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The Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a sequence of specific actions performed during the testing process to ensure that the software quality objectives are met. The STLC includes both verification and validation. Contrary to popular belief, software testing is not just a separate activity. It consists of a series of methodological activities to help certify your software product.

The STLC is a high-quality strategy directly associated with and part of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which in turn is a framework with 6 core principles:

In simple terms, the SDLC is a cycle where actions at each stage are reflected in subsequent stages.

The STLC also has its stages and most closely intersects with the SDLC at the fifth stage, which I’d describe below.

Since we can explain STLC as a set of testing measures, we can assume that it includes various stages, such as planning, control, implementation, standardization, and so on. All this leads us to the fact that the STLC is needed not only to test the developed product but also for the following:

As mentioned earlier, the Software Testing Life Cycle and the Software Development Life Cycle are closely related to each other, but they simultaneously pursue different tasks of the same goal, namely:

The overall goal is client satisfaction and achieving the highest possible score at the Verification and Validation stages.

The role of the STLC in the SDLC can be represented with a double line graph:

Where the SDLC and the STLC lines move in parallel for most of the project but begin to converge rapidly during the software development phase with deep synchronization during the SDLC Test phase. This graph is relevant to many different types of projects, not just large or independent ones, and will remain the same for the implementation of a task within a project and reverse for a project with a huge number of iterations (but in this case, the lines will diverge and converge more often).

The testing cycle is divided into different stages, and each has its own set of entry and exit criteria. The criteria are related to some activities and deliverables.

A collection of conditions or goals that must be met to create an appropriate and favourable testing environment are known as entry criteria. Entry criteria, which are finalised and chosen after a comprehensive analysis of the software and business requirements, guarantee the accuracy of the testing process, and ignoring them can lower the process’s quality.

The exit criteria describe all of the requirements that must be met before testing in a particular phase can be completed. All deliverables should be finished in order to satisfy the exit criteria. There should be no flaws, mistakes, or bugs, and all high intensity and high priority mistakes have been corrected.

The STLC has several interconnected phases and is generally very similar to the SDLC system. These phases are sequential and are called:

Let’s take a closer look at each of them.

Requirements analysis is one of the most important phases because this is when you can fix project flaws almost completely free of charge. The requirements analysis phase also identifies the potential need for automated testing and allows making economic calculations of labor costs based on the project estimation. This is also when the Entry Criteria and the Exit Criteria are discussed and documented.

Entry and Exit Criteria in software testing are necessary for all levels of the STLC. Entry Criteria define the prerequisites that must be met before you start the testing, while Exit Criteria define the prerequisites for concluding it. Ideally, you don’t proceed to the next testing stage until every Exit Criterion for the previous one is met.

Now imagine that an edtech startup company is developing an online learning platform for K-12 students to be launched in six months. The platform will include various types of educational content, such as videos, quizzes, and interactive exercises, and will be accessible on desktop and mobile devices.

The edtech startup conducts market research and user surveys to identify the target audience and their preferences and needs. They discover that the majority of K-12 students prefer interactive and gamified content, and that teachers prefer content that aligns with their curriculum standards and provides analytics and progress tracking features.

Based on these findings, the company defines the requirements for the platform, including content types, curriculum standards, and the user interface and experience. For example, they decide to include animated videos, quiz games, and virtual labs, and to align them with the common core standards in science and math. They also design the user interface to be intuitive and engaging, with colorful graphics and sound effects, and to include features for tracking progress, communicating with teachers, and accessing learning resources.

At this phase, a test plan is formed. This is the concretization of all phases of the testing itself, timing, participants, and responsibilities. As a result of this, we receive data on:

Back to our example, this is when the testing team reviews the requirements and defines the testing objectives, strategies, and criteria. They decide to focus on functional, usability, and performance testing, and to use both manual and automated testing approaches.

They identify the testing types, such as functional, usability, performance, security, and accessibility testing, and plan the testing schedule, resources, and tools. For example, they decide to use JIRA for test case management, Selenium for automation testing, and LoadRunner for performance testing. They also allocate specific testing tasks to individual team members and set up regular testing meetings and checkpoints.

They also set the quality goals and metrics to track and measure the testing progress and results. For example, they set a goal of achieving a 95% pass rate for functional testing, a 80% satisfaction rate for usability testing, and a 3-second load time for each page.

Test development implies using manual and automated testing to achieve full coverage of the software’s functionality and features, with the process being based on the requirements set up beforehand. More often than not, the test cases carried out using testing automation are written separately, since the cases for manual testing are described in the form of cheat sheets. Each has its own Test Case Life Cycle, which encompasses its creation, verification, and rework.

The testing team from our example creates test cases for each testing type, based on the requirements and the testing objectives. For example, they create test cases for each type of interactive content, such as videos, quizzes, and labs, and test them for functionality, usability, and performance.

They design the test scenarios, inputs, expected outputs, and the test environment and data needed for each test case. For example, they create different scenarios for a quiz game, such as single-player mode, multiplayer mode, and time-limited mode, and test them with different input parameters and expected outcomes. They also create a test environment that simulates different user devices and networks, such as desktop, mobile, and 3G, and test the platform under various conditions.

They also develop the test scripts and automate the testing process wherever possible to increase efficiency and reduce manual effort. For example, they use Selenium to create automated scripts for regression testing, and to test the functionality and compatibility of the platform with different web browsers and operating systems.

The test plan makes it clear which test environment should be used. At this STLC phase, operating systems and virtual machines are configured, testing tools like Selenium, Katalon Studio, and the project’s test environment and databases are deployed. We also make requests to DevOps and Admins if support is needed.

In our example, the testing team sets up the test environment, which includes the hardware, software, network, and data needed for testing. For instance, they set up a testing server that replicates the production environment, and install the necessary software and drivers for the testing tools and frameworks used.

They also configure the testing tools and integrate them with the development environment to enable continuous testing and feedback. For example, they use JIRA to track defects and issues, and to link them to specific test cases and requirements. They also use Jenkins to automate the testing process and to trigger alerts and notifications for failed tests.

Tests are performed based on ready-made test documentation and a correctly configured test environment. All test results are recorded in the Test Management System. Negatively passed tests, where the actual result differs from the one expected, are recorded as errors and transferred to the development team for script revision with subsequent rechecking after correction.

The testing team from the example executes the test cases according to the testing plan and the testing schedule. Let’s say they conduct functional testing first, then usability testing, and finally performance testing. They analyze the test results, identify defects and issues, and report them to the development team for resolution. In the end, they find that some quiz questions are not displayed properly.

The last phase of the STLC is the final generation of testing reports for the client. These should include the time spent, the percentage of defects found to positive test results, the total number of errors found and fixed. As far as the testing department is concerned, this is the moment for analyzing its work, summing up the results, analyzing its productivity, and the opportunity to make suggestions for improving the quality of testing.

And the final part of our example. The development team fixes the defects and issues reported by the testing team, and re-runs the relevant test cases to verify the fixes. They modify the quiz code to correctly display the questions, and re-test it with the same test cases as before.

The testing team then conducts a final regression testing to ensure that the fixes have not introduced any new defects, and that the platform meets the quality goals and metrics set earlier. They run all the test cases again, including the ones that were previously failed or blocked, and check if they all pass this time.

Once that is done, the testing team generates a test summary report, which includes all the testing activities, their results, and recommendations, and presents it to the management and stakeholders. The report can summarize the test execution and results for each testing type, and provide suggestions for further improvements and enhancements.

Finally, the edtech startup company launches the platform to the market and monitors its performance and feedback from users and teachers. They also plan for the next testing cycle, which includes new features and updates based on the user feedback and market trends. For example, they may want to add a new feature for personalized learning paths, and plan for a new testing cycle with the new functionality in mind.

The example above is a sort of perfect scenario for the software testing lifecycle. But sometimes there are situations when variations in  STLC are unavoidable. Let’s look at some possible cases where these variations can take place.

In an Agile environment, the testing process may not follow the standard STLC sequence, which is designed for Waterfall development. Agile development emphasizes flexibility, iteration, and quick feedback, so testing is often done in parallel with development rather than in sequential stages. Test planning, case development, and execution may all happen simultaneously with development sprints, and the cycle may be more fluid and iterative.

In some cases, a software application may require an emergency patch or hotfix to fix a critical issue. In such cases, the standard STLC sequence may need to be compressed or bypassed to quickly deliver the fix. For example, the test planning and case development phases may be skipped, and the testing team may need to focus solely on executing pre-existing test cases to confirm that the patch has resolved the issue.

In an organization with legacy systems, the STLC sequence may not be followed strictly due to the technical constraints of the older systems. The environment setup phase, in particular, may be difficult or impossible to complete, as the legacy systems may not be compatible with modern testing tools and techniques. In such cases, the testing team may need to rely on manual testing or older testing tools, which may require a different approach to the testing process as a whole.

If an organization outsources its testing to a third-party vendor, the testing process may not follow the standard STLC sequence. The vendor may have its own testing methodologies and tools, which may differ from the organization’s standard approach. The vendor may also need to adapt the testing process to accommodate differences in infrastructure, culture, and communication channels between the vendor and the organization. In such cases, the organization may need to establish clear expectations and guidelines for the testing process to ensure that the vendor’s approach aligns with the organization’s quality standards.

In a DevOps environment, testing may be automated and integrated into the development process through continuous testing. Continuous testing involves running automated tests on every code change, commit, or build to detect defects and regressions as early as possible in the development cycle. Continuous testing may blur the lines between the different phases of the STLC and require a different approach to test planning, case development, and execution. In such cases, the testing team may need to focus on creating reusable automated tests and ensuring that the testing process is integrated seamlessly into the development pipeline.

Test automation is the best way to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and coverage of your software testing. An automated testing tool can run pre-recorded and predefined actions, compare the results to expected behaviour, and report the result of these manual tests to a test engineer. Once automated tests are created, they can be readily repeated and extended to accomplish tasks that manual testing cannot. As a result, automated software testing has emerged as a critical component of successful development projects.

Benefits of automated testing:

Parallel testing is some kind of opposite to sequential testing. Parallel testing is an automated test process that allows developers and testers to run multiple tests against various real device variations and browser configurations at the same time. Parallel testing aims to address time constraints by spreading tests equally throughout the resources available.

For example, if 20 test cases take 100 minutes to complete, 10 parallel operations could run 2 test cases each, reducing total testing time to 10 minutes. If you have enough resources, say 20 real mobile devices and browsers for parallel execution of 20 test cases, you should be able to greatly reduce the runtime to 5 minutes.

Benefits of parallel testing:

Now that we know what the STLC in software testing is and what it is for, we can say what the graph of interaction between the STLC and the SDLC will look like with full certainty:

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