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LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton (French: [moɛt‿ɛnɛsi lwi vɥitɔ̃]),[1] commonly known as LVMH, is a French[3] multinational holding and conglomerate specializing in luxury goods, headquartered in Paris.[4] The company was formed in 1987 through the merger of fashion house Louis Vuitton (founded in 1854) with Moët Hennessy, which was established following the 1971 merger between the champagne producer Moët & Chandon (founded in 1743) and the cognac producer Hennessy (founded in 1765).[5][6][7] In 2023, with a valuation of $500 billion, LVMH became the most valuable company in Europe.

LVMH controls around 60 subsidiaries that manage 75 prestigious brands. These include Tiffany & Co., Christian Dior, Fendi, Givenchy, Marc Jacobs, Stella McCartney, Loewe, Loro Piana, Kenzo, Celine, Sephora, Princess Yachts, TAG Heuer, and Bulgari. The subsidiaries are often managed independently, under the umbrellas of six branches: Fashion Group, Wines and Spirits, Perfumes and Cosmetics, Watches and Jewelry, Selective Distribution, and Other Activities. The oldest of the LVMH brands is wine producer Château d'Yquem, which dates its origins back to 1593.[8] Bernard Arnault is the chairman and CEO of LVMH.

In the 1980s, French investor Bernard Arnault had the idea to create a group of luxury brands.[9] He worked with Alain Chevalier, CEO of Moët Hennessy, and Henry Racamier, president of Louis Vuitton, to form LVMH.[10] Their successful integration of various famous aspirational brands into a single group inspired other luxury companies to do the same. Thus, the French conglomerate Kering and the Swiss-based Richemont have also created extended portfolios of luxury brands.[citation needed] LVMH is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.[11]

Make Up For Ever was established in 1984,[12] and was acquired by LVMH in 1999.[13]

On 7 March 2011, LVMH announced the acquisition of the 50.4% family-owned shares of the Italian jeweller Bulgari and the intention to make a tender offer for the rest, which was publicly owned.[14] The transaction was about $5.2 billion.[15]

By 2012, LVMH established LCapitalAsia, a continuation of its private-equity arm, focused on Asia.[16] In 2012, the growth of LVMH's sales "decreased by about 10 percent from the growth rate in 2011", and in early 2013 LVMH expressed that it would "stop opening stores in second and third-tier cities in mainland China".[16] Xue Shengwen, a senior researcher at ChinaVenture, said the developing trend of young people is to take advantage of more acceptable prices.[16]

On 7 March 2013, National Business Daily reported that mid-priced clothing brand QDA would open its first store in Beijing as a co-investment of LVMH's private equity LCapitalAsia and the Chinese apparel company Xin Hee Co., Ltd.[16]

In February 2014, LVMH entered into a joint venture with the Italian fashion brand Marco De Vincenzo, taking a minority 45% stake in the firm.[17][18]

In April 2017, LVMH announced it would gain ownership of Christian Dior haute couture, leather, men's and women's ready-to-wear, and footwear lines to integrate the entire Christian Dior brand within its luxury group.[19]

In January 2018, LVMH announced record sales of 42.6 billion euros in 2017, up 13% over the previous year, as all divisions turned in strong performances. In the same year, the net profit increased by 29%.[20] On 1 November 2018, co-founder Alain Chevalier died at age 87.[21]

On 12 May 2019, the fashion house Fenty, styled as FEИTY, created by singer Rihanna, was launched by LVMH in Paris. It is the first new fashion house by LVMH in 32 years, and she is the first woman of colour to head a brand under LVMH.[22][23] On 15 July 2019, LVMH announced a new partnership to further develop the Stella McCartney House.[24] On 29 November 2019, LVMH announced its 55% stake in Château d’Esclans, the producer best known for the brand Whispering Angel.[25] The acquisition was part of LVMH's move to offer a beloved high-end rosé portfolio, in addition to reaching customers worldwide.[26][27] In November 2019, LVMH expressed plans to acquire Tiffany & Co. for approximately US $16.2 billion. The deal was expected to close by June 2020.[28] LVMH issued a statement in September 2020 indicating that the takeover would not proceed and that the deal was "invalid" because Tiffany handled the business during the COVID-19 pandemic.[29] Subsequently, Tiffany filed suit against LVMH, asking the court to compel the purchase or to assess damages against the defendant; LVMH planned to counter sue, alleging that mismanagement had invalidated the purchase agreement.[30]

In mid-September 2020, a reliable source told Forbes that the reason for Arnault's decision to cancel the Tiffany purchase was purely financial: because Tiffany was paying millions in dividends to shareholders despite a financial loss of US$32 million during the pandemic. Some US$70 million had already been paid out by Tiffany, with an additional US$70 million scheduled to be paid in November 2020.[31] LVMH filed a counterclaim against the court action commenced by Tiffany; a statement issued by LMVH blamed Tiffany's mismanagement during the pandemic and claimed that it was 'burning cash and reporting losses'".[32] In late October 2020, Tiffany and LVMH agreed to the original takeover plan, though at a slightly reduced price of nearly $16 billion, a minor reduction of 2.6% from the aforementioned deal. The new deal reduced the amount paid per share by LVMH from the original price of $135 to $131.50.[33] As of late 2020, LVMH has the largest market capitalization of any company in France,[34] and also in the Eurozone with a record of 261 billion euros ($317.6 billion).[35] As of December 2020, Arnault's own fortune was nearly half that, with a personal net worth of $151.7 billion.[36]

LVMH completed the purchase of Tiffany in January 2021.[37] In 2021, with a valuation of $329 billion, LVMH became the most valuable company in Europe.[38]

In January 2022, LVMH acquired a minority stake in the New York-based label Aimé Leon Dore for an undisclosed sum. The investment was made through the conglomerate's LVMH Luxury Ventures arm.[39] In March 2022, LVMH announced the closure of its 120+ stores in Russia, "given the current circumstances in the region",[40] due to the Russo-Ukrainian War. An LVMH spokesperson stated the company would continue to pay salary and benefits to its 3,500 employees in Russia.[40] In November 2022, it was announced LVMH had acquired the Piedmont-based jewellery maker Pedemonte Group.[41]

On 24 April 2023, LVMH became the first European company to reach a $500 billion valuation.[42]

LVMH is headquartered in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France.[5]

The company is listed on the Euronext Paris exchange[43] and is a constituent of the CAC 40 index.

As of 2009, the group employed more than 83,000 people,[44] 30 percent of LVMH's staff worked in France, and LVMH operated over 2,400 stores worldwide.[45]

As of 2010, the group had revenues of €20.3 billion with a net income of just over €3 billion.[44] In 2013, with a revenue of $21.7 billion, LVMH was ranked first luxury goods company in Deloitte's "Global Powers of Luxury Goods" report.[46] By 29 February 2016, the company had a share value of 78,126 million euros, distributed in 506,980,299 shares.

As of 2009, LVMH held 66% of the drinks division, Moët Hennessy, with the remaining 34% held by Diageo.[47]

As of 2013, Christian Dior SE was the leading holding company of LVMH, owning 40.9% of its shares and 59.01% of its voting rights.[48] Bernard Arnault is Chairman and CEO of LVMH and Chairman of Christian Dior SE. In 2017, Arnault purchased all the remaining Christian Dior shares in a reported $13.1 billion buyout.[citation needed]

At the end of 2017, the only declared major shareholder in LVMH was the Arnault Family Group, the holding company of Bernard Arnault. The group's control amounted to 46.84% of LVMH's stock and 63.13% of its voting rights.[49]

Bernard Arnault has served as LVMH's chairman and CEO since January 1989.[50] Alain Chevalier was chairman from 1987 until Arnault took over the role.[51]

A partial list, including some of LVMH's best-known brands and subsidiaries:[45][52]

Launched in 2011, Journées Particulières is a biennial event which allows visitors to enter the various ateliers, studios, caves, and mansions owned by LVMH, for free.

It is staged every two years and has opened doors in France, Italy, Switzerland, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain and Germany, with 56 brands welcoming guests into over 70 sites on four continents. The 2017 issue attracted 145,000 visitors.[53]

LVMH is a major patron of art in France. The group supported about ten exhibitions as "Le grand monde d’Andy Warhol"[54] and "Picasso et les maîtres"[55] at le Grand Palais in Paris. LVMH also endorsed the patronage of "l'atelier d'Alberto Giacometti" and "Yves Klein" at Centre Georges Pompidou.

Since 2005, when the LVMH flagship store opened in Paris at 3, avenue George V, 75008, the company presented close collaborations with contemporary artists.[56] Features included a light sculpture by American James Turrell, a 20-metre (65 feet) long "travelling staircase" showcasing the work of American video artist Tim White-Sobieski and an elevator linking the store to the top floor by Iceland's Olafur Eliasson.[57]

In 2006, a gallery space was inaugurated on the second floor of the same building and named "Espace Culturel".[58] "Icônes" was one of the first exhibitions.[59] Shigeru Ban, Sylvie Fleury, Zaha Hadid, Bruno Peinado, Andrée Putman, Ugo Rondinone, James Turrell, Tim White-Sobieski and Robert Wilson were the nine artists invited by Louis Vuitton to participate in it.[53]

In addition, LVMH foundation created the "young creators LVMH award", an international competition opened to French and international beaux-arts students.[60] Each year, six grants are allocated to the winners.

In 2014, LVMH opened the Fondation Louis Vuitton pour la Creation in a new building designed by Frank Gerry in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. The Fondation is designed as the Group's own museum to present its collections and organize major world-class art exhibitions.

In November 2013, LVMH created the LVMH Young Fashion Designer Prize, which comes with a €300,000 grant with a year of mentoring; it was the brainchild of Delphine Arnault.[61] In February 2014 20 finalists for the inaugural prize were shown in London, including Simone Rocha, Thomas Tait, Meadham Kirchhoff, Marques'Almeida, J JS Lee, and others,[62] and Thomas Tait was the winner.[63] Marques'Almeida won the 2015 prize.[63] In 2019, South African designer Thebe Magugu became the first African to win the prize,[64] and was commended by the President of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa.[65]

LVMH underwrites other fashion competitions, including the Andam prize in France, the International Festival of Fashion and Photography in Hyères, France, an investment fund for young designers created by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication, and a scholarship program and sponsored lecture theater at Central Saint Martins in London.[61]

The group also lends Stradivarius violins to young talented musicians. Maxim Vengerov and Laurent Korcia have used the instruments.

On 26 August 2019, Bernard Arnault declared that LVMH would donate $11 million to help fight the 2019 Brazil wildfires.[66]

During the COVID-19 crisis, the group shifted its production of perfume and spirits towards hand sanitizer. This production of 12 tons has been offered to hospitals in Paris, France.[67]

In 2022, Louis Vuitton announced a €1 million donation to UNICEF to help the Ukrainian victims of the Russian invasion.[68] On 2 March 2022, LVMH Group pledged €5 million to the Red Cross to those affected by the war.[69][70] In addition, the company closed 124 of its stores in Russia.[71]

On 24 May 2018, LVMH launched an e-commerce initiative by investing in online fashion search business Lyst, as a way for LVMH's luxury brands to expand their presence online and capture younger shoppers.[72] LVMH contributed to Lyst's $60 million funding round, which also included access to LVMH's international expertise, designed to drive Lyst's global expansion.[73]

On 25 February 2011, Christian Dior announced they had suspended designer John Galliano following his arrest over an alleged anti-semitic tirade in a Paris bar.[78] In France, it is against the law to make anti-semitic remarks of this nature, and it can be punished by up to six months in prison.[79] On 1 March 2011, Christian Dior officially announced that it had fired Galliano amidst the controversy.[80]

In 2012 former Prada COO Sebastian Suhl was hired by Givenchy as the company's new CEO.[81] The Asian Transnational Corporation Monitoring Network (ATNC), a network made of 15 organizations from 12 Asian countries wrote a letter of concern to LVMH Group's Bernard Arnault as Suhl was at the same time a key person in the Prada Female Discrimination Case where he described as complicit in sexual harassment and discrimination practices.[82][83]

During December 2021, LVMH paid €10 million to settle claims in Paris to end several criminal investigations that a former French intelligence chief, Bernard Squarcini, spied for the company, on competitors and others, including on an activist making a film about its billionaire owner, Bernard Arnault. Prosecutors allege that the intelligence chief used tactics like influence peddling, invasion of privacy, and leveraging his network in intelligence and police on behalf of the company.[84]

SKU is short for Stock Keeping Unit. It's a number you personally make up, which you yourself can use for keeping track of your applications. You can think of it as a product ID.

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Ok, per pix0r's, Sparks' and Dave's answers it looks like there are three ways to do this:

1. Open C:xamppapacheconfextrahttpd-vhosts.conf.
2. Un-comment ~line 19 (NameVirtualHost *:80).

3. Add your virtual host (~line 36):

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4. Open your hosts file (C:WindowsSystem32driversetchosts).

5. Add

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6. Save (You might have to save it to the desktop, change the permissions on the old hosts file (right click > properties), and copy the new one into the directory over the old one (or rename the old one) if you are using Vista and have trouble).
7. Restart Apache.

Now you can access that directory by browsing to http://transitcalculator.localhost/.

1. Starting ~line 200 of your http.conf file, copy everything between and (~line 232) and paste it immediately below with C:/xampp/htdocs replaced with your desired directory (in this case C:/Projects) to give your server the correct permissions for the new directory.

2. Find the section (~line 300) and add

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1. Edit ~line 176 in C:xamppapacheconfhttpd.conf; change DocumentRoot "C:/xampp/htdocs to #DocumentRoot "C:/Projects (or whatever you want).

2. Edit ~line 203 to match your new location (in this case C:/Projects).

Notes:

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