Dayle Wyatt

Folkways are specific social norms that define and guide behavior in society. Sociologists study social norms, which are rules and standards for behavior shared by members of social groups. Many individuals understand social norms, including folkways, by the terms unwritten rules or conventions.

Social norms shape human behavior. Social norms are defined as rules or standards of behavior shared by members of a social group. For example, a social norm is that people do not pick their noses in public. Norms are often internalized by individuals so that they conform to the larger social group; this learned behavior may be shaped by rewards or punishments. There are four types of social norms that social groups create and hold members of their social groups responsible for abiding by - folkways, mores, taboos, and laws.

Sociologist William Graham Sumner coined the term folkways as one of the social norms that are more often social conventions and that are not as morally significant if broken or not followed. For example, talking loudly on a cell phone in a restaurant for all to hear may be considered inappropriate and a breach of folkway norms, but it is not considered a serious moral offense. Tradition and habits create strong folkways. They range from shaking hands when meeting someone, writing a thank you card for gifts, or how to dress when attending certain ceremonies. All social norms are intended to guide the behavior of the social group or society towards definite expectations and patterns of life. The folkways definition in sociology is a social norm that is developed by social conventions or traditions and without the sanctions possessed by other morally significant social norms.

Folkway examples:

Social norms are customary, normal expectations with few sanctions or punishments if not followed. However, social norms created at a certain point in history or time can change in their expectations of behavior so that the violation is seen differently and may not even have a punishment. For example, it may have been a social norm for females to wear skirts and dresses to school, but today that is not the social norm and would not be considered a violation. On the other hand, it is traditional to wear formal clothing to a wedding, and if an individual chooses not to do this, it is violating a folkway. However, if they choose to wear no clothing at all, it violates a taboo or even breaks the law.

Mores are another type of social norm that is more coercive than folkways. The term mores comes from the Latin word mores which means manners, customs, or morals. There is usually severe disapproval and punishment when breaking social mores. For example, having sexual relations before marriage, for some individuals, violates mores. Mores are the struggle between what is considered morally right and wrong, while folkways are concerned with what is right and rude. If mores are violated, individuals could be ostracized and shunned out of the social group.

Mores Examples:

Violating a taboo comes with similar negative associations as violating a more; however, the negative association is much more severe. Essentially, if a particular behavior violates a taboo social norm, it results in extreme disgust and most often expulsion from society. For example, incest or cannibalism is taboo in most cultures and countries. As with most social norms, each social group, such as a religious group, has its own taboos, and a violation will result in being shunned from that group.

Taboo examples:

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