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Habib Bank Limited (Urdu: حبیب بینک) abbreviated as HBL, is a Pakistani multinational bank based in Habib Bank Plaza, Karachi, Pakistan.

Established in 1941 by the Habib Family, HBL is Pakistan's oldest, largest and the first commercial bank. In 1951 it opened its first international branch in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In 1972 the bank moved its headquarters to the Habib Bank Plaza, which became the tallest building in South Asia at the time. The Government nationalised the bank in 1974 and privatised it in 2004, at that time the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development acquired a controlling share and the management control.

HBL major shareholding lies with the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) which is based in Geneva, Switzerland.

HBL is the largest domestic multinational company in Pakistan in terms of assets, and has repeatedly ranked top Pakistani company in the Forbes Global 2000. It is also Pakistan’s largest private sector bank, with over 1700 branches and more than 2000 ATMs. All HBL ATMs are linked to Visa and Mastercard, China UnionPay, and to the domestic 1LINK, MNET, and PayPak switches. IBFT (Interbank Funds Transfer) facility and utility bill payment capability are also provided at HBL ATMs. HBL branches also exchange foreign currency, initiate SWIFT and FEDWIRE transfers, and facilitate RAAST real-time money transfer transactions.

As of 2021, HBL had 21,703 permanent employees and 114 on contract.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor General, realised the importance of financial intermediation while he was campaigning for the creation of a separate homeland for the Muslims. He persuaded the Habib family to establish a commercial bank that could serve the Muslim community. His initiative resulted in the creation of Habib Bank in 1941, with head office in Bombay (now Mumbai), and fixed capital of 25,000 rupees. The bank played an important rôle in mobilising funds from the Muslim community to finance the All-India Muslim League's campaign for the establishment of Pakistan. Habib Bank also played an important role in channeling relief funds to Muslims hurt in the communal riots and violence that preceded the departure of the British from British India and the subsequent partition.

After the formation of Pakistan in 1947, Habib Bank moved its headquarters to Karachi, Pakistan's first capital, at the urging of Governor-General Jinnah. This gave Karachi its first commercial bank of the newly formed country.

The Habib family would own and manage the bank until the Pakistan government nationalised it on 1 January 1974.

On 13 June 2002, Pakistan's Privatisation Commission announced that the Government of Pakistan would grant the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED), a subsidiary of the Aga Khan Development Network, majority ownership of HBL against AKFED's investment in the bank.

In 2002, HBL's UK operation came close to being shut down due to regulatory issues with the Financial Services Authority. The issue was resolved by converting the operations to a subsidiary. Then Habib Bank Limited and Allied Bank of Pakistan merged their operations (Habib contributed its six branches and Allied its four branches), into a new bank, called Habib-Allied International Bank, in which Habib Bank has a 90.5% shareholding, while Allied Bank has 9.5%.

In December 2003, the Government of Pakistan granted AKFED rights to 51% of the shareholding in the bank against an investment of PKR 22.409 billion (US$389 million). In February 2004, Government of Pakistan handed over management control of Habib Bank to AKFED. The Board of Directors was reconstituted to have four AKFED nominees, including the Chairman and the President/CEO and three Government of Pakistan nominees.

In 2013, the bank acquired Citibank Pakistan consumer business for Rs. 2 billion.

In April 2015, the Government of Pakistan sold its 41.5% stake or 609 million shares in the bank for $1.02 billion. According to the finance ministry, the strike price of Rs. 168 per share (compared to the floor price of Rs. 166 per share) was recommended by the Privatisation Commission Board. The bank's owners now comprise the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (51%) and the remaining 49% of shares are in free float. CDC Group holds 4.99% and the International Finance Corporation holds 0.87% while the rest of the shares are held by individuals, institutions and funds.

In June 2015, the bank acquired Barclays's Pakistan operations and absorbed the staff into it.

On 18 April 2016, HBL received a licence to operate a subsidiary in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, becoming the first Pakistani bank to operate in China. It became become the first Pakistani bank and one of three banks from South Asia & MENA Region to open branches in China, with permission to trade in local currency, the Renminbi Yuan (CNY).

In February 2018, HBL appointed senior banker, Muhammad Aurangzeb (formerly CEO Global Corporate Bank – Asia Pacific at JP Morgan) as its President & CEO following early retirement of Nauman K. Dar on 31 December 2017, after the bank was marred by a penalty of $225 Million (USD) for its non-compliance with risk management and anti-money laundering rules.

In 2020, HBL was designated one of the domestic systemically important banks (D-SIB) of the year by the State Bank of Pakistan.

In the 1950s, HBL started its international expansion. In 1951 it opened the first of what would become three branches in Sri Lanka. The next year HBL established Habib Bank (Overseas). Then in 1956 HBL opened the first of five branches in Kenya.

In September 2017, HBL agreed to pay a fine of $225 million in an out of court settlement with the New York State Department of Financial Services (DFS) against 53 separate violations allegedly committed between 2007 and 2017.

Following which the shares of HBL surged 5 percent, to ₨.160.58 per share, amid investor relief that the fine was not larger than $225 million. The penalty, however, is the largest ever imposed upon a Pakistani financial institution. HBL had already agreed to surrender its license to operate a branch in New York that has been operational since 1978.

The DFS had earlier sought up to $630m in penalties from HBL for failing to comply with state and federal laws at its only U.S. branch. According to The Nation, compliance issues dated back to 2015 when the DFS told Karachi-listed Habib Bank (HBL) to institute a series of reforms pertaining to the bank's policies for preventing illicit money transfers. In a December 2015 statement, the DFS stated it identified issues in the bank's anti-money laundering compliance.

Habib also allegedly cleared transactions to a cybercriminal wanted by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and a Chinese weapons manufacturer that was subject to US sanctions. Since Habib's New York operations were used to clear dollar-denominated transactions, the bank is required to follow US "know your customer" rules and sanctions law.

On 28 September 2022, a New York district court passed an order under the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act placing secondary liability on Habib Bank Limited as a party that "aids and abets, by knowingly providing substantial assistance, or who conspires with the person who committed such an act of international terrorism". The plaintiff claimed that between 2010 and 2019, the bank had aided and abetted Al-Qaeda terrorism and had participated in a conspiracy to launch attacks in Afghanistan that killed or injured 370 people. In response, HBL released a statement claiming the accusations were "meritless" and that the bank was fiercely and thoroughly contesting them.

HBL was named in FinCEN leak, published by Buzzfeed News and the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). It had one suspicious transaction flagged.

HBL got State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) approval to inject Rs500mn in its wholly owned subsidiary namely HBL Asset Management Limited.

For the year 2021, HBL has posted consolidated profit after tax (PAT) of Rs. 35.50 billion (US$120 million).

HBL has also served as the title sponsor of the Pakistan Super League (PSL), since the league's first edition in 2016. In November 2021, the sponsorship deal was renewed for another four-year cycle until 2025.

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Turn off the computer and disconnect the power cable from the computer. Locate the password reset jumper (PSWD) on the system board. Remove the jumper plug from the password jumper-pins. Power on without the jumper plug to clear the password.

Many people disagree with the fact that this code is attributed to Samuel Morse, but many people agree that the language was written by Alfred Vail.

This character is used for telegraphy and assigns each letter, number, and punctuation mark with a unique combination of blink signals. Digital communications are thought to be the result of digital communications.

Morse code is mainly used by the military as a means of transmission, often encrypted, as well as in the civilian world for certain automatic transmissions: radio beacons in aviation, call signs for maritime stations, international transmitters (atomic clocks), or of new. for maritime signaling by certain radar transponders and lights, called the "Morse letter" (for example, the letter A transmitted by such light in the form .-means "clean waters"). Walrus is practiced by many people, including many radio amateurs, explorers, divers, mountaineers, and also by people who play games to solve puzzles. The mobile phones are from the Nokia brand.

The code can be transmitted via a permanent radio signal that turns on and off, an electrical pulse, or a visual signal. The idea behind the development of the code is to make it less likely that a character will appear again in a long time. The shortest of all signs is the " e ", a very common letter, and it is encoded by a single period. The numbers in five signals are the maximum for the 25 letters.

The longest sequence corresponds to the symbols that are the most rare: punctuation marks, symbols, and special characters.

Business abbreviations were created that used a group of 5 letters.

The telegraph operators used words like BYOXO, LIOUY, and AYYLU to converse. The codes were intended to make the cost of cable transmissions more efficient. Q code and Z code are used by hobbyists.

Operators use them to exchange information about link quality, Frequency changes, and telegrams.

The first radiotelegraph wireless links were made in the early 20th century. The Berlin conference attributed the 600 meter wavelength to sea traffic in 1903, and in 1906 the signal was officially labeled a distress call. The bands to be used for telegraphy communications were defined until 1987.

As of February 1, 1999, within the framework of the GMDSS 1999, the coastal and mobile maritime services of France and many other countries abandoned mandatory radiotelegraph listening and Morse code transmissions ceased, in particular on the 500 kHz frequency. (maritime and aeronautical) and on the frequency of 8 364 kHz, assigned to distress call or radiotelegraph traffic, since the 1970s, a system of telecommunications satellites having taken over.

Traffic using the radio waves began to decline. However, to this day (2010) there are still international frequencies assigned by the ITU to transmit the time, marine weather or maritime communications by radiotelegraphy (among others, 4.182 kHz to 4.186, 5 kHz or 4.187 can also be used kHz to 4.202 kHz). by Civil Aviation).

The 600 meter band in particular continues to be used by around twenty countries around the world, including: Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Cameroon, China, Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, United States, Indonesia, Italy, Ireland , Oman, Romania, Russian Federation, Samoa and Seychelles. Most maritime stations still in operation do not transmit in Morse code other than their call sign and transmit frequencies. Even if the frequencies are only used by a few countries, they still have an assignment.

The invention of the Aldis lamp has allowed ships to communicate with each other. The ability to emit such signals is still required to become a merchant marine officer in many countries, but it is rare and only found in the navy.

The first aircraft radiotelegraphy links of the early 20th century, and stopped before the 1970s, at a time when airships and aircraft were communicating by radiotelegraphy in the 900 meter (333.33 kHz) band of aircraft in flight at - Dessus of seas and oceans in marine band of 600 meters (500 kHz), the wavelength of DF 450 meters (666.66 kHz) and until 1930 to exchange transcontinental telegraphic correspondence au over oceans in the band of 1800 meters (166, 66kHz).

The hanging antenna was designed to establish radiotelegraph communications at these wavelengths. The aircraft's call sign was dangled at the end of the antenna.

As early as 1930 NVIS radio communications were established at a wavelength of 900 meters, along the hull of the aircraft.

The frequencies used by aviation for communications are now assigned to NDB-type beacon that emit automated wireless telegraph signals, which are code consisting of two or three letters, sent at regular intervals. The callsigns of the VOR and ILS systems are transmitted in the same way as the VHF subband. The radiotelephone communications are carried out in the VHF bands for local traffic and in the transcontinental or transoceanic traffic bands.

In the event of strong interference, radiotelephony has advantages over radiotelegraphy, for example, it is easier to recognize signals in the form of a morse code.

Radiotelephony requires words to be spoken loud and clear, but radiotelegraphy requires words to be spoken quietly. Most of the world's armies train their radio officers who are proficient in telegraphy and have frequencies reserved by the ITU.

If warships are close enough, they can use a searchlight, a masts visible all year light, or an alves lamp to communicate.

When forced to observe a period of radio silence, this is the case.

The frequencies assigned by the ITU for leisure radiotelegraph communications are used frequently by amateur radio broadcasters.

To get an amateur radio license in the United States, you had to be able to send 5 Morse code words per minute. 20 words per minute is the minimum for the license with the most rights. The minimum speed for the test that reads to her for her exam is 12 words per minute. Trained amateur and military radio operators can record up to 40 words per minute.

The rules for the amateur radio service are in the Radio Regulations.

The World Radiocommunication Conference reviews it every three years. The revision of the Radio Regulations at the 2003 Conference removed the knowledge requirement for using frequencies below 29.7 MHz. This affects most countries, but some still require it.

The original version of Morse code was developed in the mid-1840s by Samuel and Alfred.

The Baltimore–Washington DC telegraph line was the first place to use American morse code. The first public telegram was sent on May 24, 1844, with the phrase "What has God done?"

The companies that continued to use the original Morse code were located in the United States, which is why the American version of the code is found in American railroad museums and Civil War reenactments.

The various Morse codes have been replaced by the "international" one.

The world's reference point is the international Morse code.

Different types of Morse code have been used, each with its own quirks. The first long-distance telecommunications were created by using American Morse code.

The international morse code is used the most.

The "Morse" alphabet was created in the 19th century by Friedrich Clemens Gerke. The American Morse Code is a modification of the original original code. The code can be simplified by using only two standard lengths, period and dash.

There are two types of beans used.

The short pulses (labeled " . ", period) corresponding to an electrical impulse of 1 ⁄ 4 time and the long ones (labelled " - ", line) to a pulse of 3 ⁄ 4 time, the pulses themselves are separated by 1 ⁄ 4 time (the elementary time unit approaches the second for human manipulation and interpretation).

The international Morse code was adopted in 1865 as a result of more and more variations of the code being developed around the world. It will be used quickly in Europe.

The original code will be used by American radio telegraph companies.

Some parts of the radio spectrum are still reserved for Morse code only transmissions. It requires less equipment to send and receive than other forms of radio communications.

It requires very little bandwidth and can be used with high background noise.

Two symbols called period and hyphen, and two spacing times, are what we use to communicate. The total transmission time of a line is used to calculate the speed at which a message is sent.

A simple message is written.

Here is the rate of the same message.

The convention: conjugates.

People familiar with Morse code would write "Morse code" as follows: -.-. --- -.. . / -- --- .-. ....and they would pronounce it "taahtitaahti taahtaahtaah taahtiti ti, taahtaah taahtaahtaah titaahti tititi ti".

The "ti" is associated with a point below, and the "taah" is associated with a point at the top.

Operators use a device called a keyer to write messages.

Keying speed is expressed in words per minute and can range from ten words per minute for a beginner to 60 words per minute for an expert keyer.

Theodore Roosevelt McElroy achieved a score of 75.2 words per minute at the 1939 World Championships in Asheville.

Automatic computer generators are often accompanied by automatic decoding.

The tables below summarize the alphabet and some signs.

In 2004, the "@" symbol was added.

A and C are combined into a single character.

There are abbreviations and signals for use in radio communications.

A common mistake is to think of the international distress code as a string of letters "SOS" and send it as such. The correct way to send it is to join the 9 elements as if they were a single word.

Other codes are used when it's not enough to extend the alphabet.

The wabun code is used to transmit text. The symbols represent a group of animals.

The Chinese telegraph code was used in China.

The method was invented by a German psychologist. This method allows for quick learning of the code.

This method considers that.

The Koch method requires a computer or teacher to listen to the code. It allows you to hear the correct code if you start with a speed greater than 12 words a minute.

Character recognition can be done by reflection and without a reflection phase, which is impossible at such speed and at higher speeds.

In the traditional method, you learn the entire alphabet and practice at a slow pace. The Koch method starts with 2 characters, 3 characters, and 4 characters, but at a rate of 12 words per minute. The "10 wpm plateau" is avoided by this method.

This order is traditionally used for the characters: K, M, R, S, U, A, P, T, L, O, W, I, “. ", N, J, E, F, 0, Y,", ", V, G, 5," / ", Q, 9, Z, H, 3, 8, B,"? ", 4, 2, 7, C, 1, D, 6, X, , ,

Donald is a man. The method proposed by "Russ" would use the target speed for learning but with higher word and letter spacing than required. He gives more time to understand each sign, while using a high speed from the beginning for the recognition of the signs.

The Koch method can be combined with the Farnsworth method, starting at 20 words per minute with 2 characters, with triple spaces compared to normal.

Since they slow down the comprehension of messages, it's not a good idea to use simple mnemonic techniques to learn the 26 letters of the alphabet.

Each letter of the alphabet has a word assigned to it.

The 3rd and 4th columns of the table hold these words. If several words are assigned to a letter, it is enough to choose one. The process of learning 26 words is called the mnemonic process.

The letter associated with it is translated into the code by each word. We have a or a for each letter of the word.

The will be represented in a way that makes it sound like one of the following: "o" or "on"

For the letter P, the word "psychology" has 2 central vowels in "o" and "en", the others do not. The code for the letter P has two long signs for the 2 central syllables and two short signs at the end.

The last column of the table has some words.

Each letter of the words has a ta or a Ti. A ta and a ti are represented by a consonant.

There is a rule for only dots or lines in letters. The words are called the mnemonic words.

• Metropolitan Life Insurance. Metropolitan offers life insurance cover that is synonymous with affordability.
• FNB Life Insurance.
• Discovery life insurance.
• Momentum.
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• 1life Insurance.
• Old Mutual.
• Liberty.